- Causes of industrial injuries
- Main categories of preventive measures
The fight against industrial injuries is one of the most important areas of state policy in the field of labor protection. Thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of Labor and Employment and other departments that are actively monitoring, supervising and other work in this area, in recent years, occupational injury rates have noticeably decreased. This is what official Goskomstat statistics look like for the period from 2000 to 2021.
| Year | Number of people injured at work, thousand people | Number of deaths at work, thousand people |
| 2000 | 151,8 | 4,40 |
| 2001 | 144,7 | 4,37 |
| 2002 | 127,7 | 3,92 |
| 2003 | 106,7 | 3,54 |
| 2004 | 87,8 | 3,29 |
| 2005 | 77,7 | 3,09 |
| 2006 | 70,7 | 2,90 |
| 2007 | 66,1 | 2,99 |
| 2008 | 58,3 | 2,55 |
| 2009 | 46,1 | 1,97 |
| 2010 | 47,7 | 2,00 |
| 2011 | 43,6 | 1,82 |
| 2012 | 40,4 | 1,82 |
| 2013 | 35,6 | 1,70 |
| 2014 | 31,3 | 1,46 |
| 2015 | 28,2 | 1,29 |
| 2016 | 26,7 | 1,29 |
| 2017 | 25,4 | 1,14 |
| 2018 | 23,6 | 1,07 |
It is noticeable that the number of workers who were injured in the performance of their work duties during this period decreased by more than six times, and the number of fatalities at work decreased by approximately four times.
However, the problem of injuries in the workplace still remains quite acute. For comparison, in 2015 in Russia, 6 employees per 100,000 workers received fatal injuries while performing work. In developed countries this figure is significantly lower. For example, over the same period in the USA it was 4.8, in France – 2.4, in Germany – 1.6, in the UK – 0.4. Therefore, one cannot but agree that in this direction our country still requires active work related to the adoption of urgent and effective measures.
Basic Concepts
Industrial injuries are a set of traumatic injuries (injuries) received in industrial accidents. Calculated by the number of injuries per 100, 1000, 10,000, etc. people for certain periods of time (month, quarter, year).
An industrial accident is an event as a result of which the insured person received injury or other damage to health during the performance of his duties under an employment contract and in other cases established by this Federal Law, both on the territory of the insurer and outside it, or while traveling to the place of work. or returning from work in transport provided by the insured, and which entailed the need to transfer the insured to another job, temporary or permanent loss of professional ability to work, or his death.
An industrial injury is damage to the tissues of an employee’s body caused by the mechanical impact of a hazardous production factor and entails: the need to transfer the employee to another job; temporary or permanent loss of the employee’s ability to work; death of an employee.
Occupational diseases are cases of health deterioration specific to a given profession that workers receive as a result of their work activities in hazardous conditions.
Since Federal Law No. 125 of 1998 “On Compulsory Social Insurance”, which specifies the specific features of social security in production. Thus, an accident can occur to an employee while driving to work in the employer’s transport (for example, in a road accident), and this will also be considered a work-related injury.
Main categories of preventive measures
The specific list of measures that will be chosen in an organization to prevent industrial injuries is determined by the specifics of its technological process. When compiling this list, it is also necessary to take into account the statistics of accidents over the past few years and the results of investigations into the causes of such incidents, which are carried out in all organizations with responsible management.
Most often, the basic set of such measures includes the following items:
- improving the sanitary, technical and living conditions in which workers remain during their work shifts and regulated breaks;
- organization of safe performance of work in compliance with all requirements established by regulatory documents for this area of activity;
- monitoring compliance with safety regulations and other rules for the performance of work by enterprise personnel;
- implementation of the necessary training and education of employees in the field of labor protection and safe work practices;
- providing employees with the necessary individual and collective means to ensure protection from harmful production factors operating in their workplaces;
- organization of preliminary and regular medical and preventive examinations provided for by current legislation for this category of workers;
- other measures appropriate to the nature of the company's production activities.
Based on this basic set, the company draws up its own set of measures, in which the greatest attention is paid to those activities that are aimed at preventing and countering the occurrence of the most common types of injuries at this enterprise. The content of such a complex should be fixed in a local regulatory document - for example, a regulation on the prevention of industrial injuries in the organization. As plant process characteristics and other factors affecting employee safety change, this document will need to be revised. In this situation, it is important to convey information about updates and additions to the text of the document to employees.
Improving working conditions
In accordance with Federal Law No. 426-FZ, today there are four main classes of working conditions: optimal, acceptable, harmful and dangerous. At the same time, the hazardous class is divided into four more subclasses in order to clarify the actual conditions in which workers work.
Despite the objective nature of this classification, which is carried out on the basis of the characteristics described in Order No. 33n of the Ministry of Labor, the employer is able to influence the working conditions of its personnel towards improvement. One of the main ways of such influence is described directly in Law No. 426-FZ: this is the use of suitable and effective personal protective equipment, which can significantly reduce the level of exposure to harmful production factors on the body of workers. In addition to them, the following can improve conditions and, accordingly, reduce the risk of injuries and occupational diseases among workers:
- regular monitoring of the state of microclimate factors and the main physical characteristics of the workplace, including noise, gas levels, vibration, etc.;
- the use of collective means of protection against the influence of negative factors, such as filters, noise reduction devices, etc.;
- increasing the level of automation of work in order to free employees from the need to perform duties in the most dangerous and harmful conditions;
- organizing regular monitoring of equipment operation, including timely preventive and scheduled repairs and maintenance. This will help avoid sudden accidents at work, which often cause injuries and injuries;
- provision of the necessary engineering and other infrastructure aimed at maintaining an optimal microclimate in production premises, including the level of humidity, lighting, etc.;
- thoughtful organization of the technological process, including prompt removal of contaminants, production waste and other objects that may cause injury to workers;
- organizing the possibility of receiving emergency first aid for victims at work.
Organization of training and education
The above-described set of measures is one of the most important components of the system for increasing the level of worker safety in the process of their work. However, all of the above measures will not work effectively enough if employees do not know the basic techniques and methods of safely performing work using equipment and technologies provided by the employer. In this regard, another mandatory component of such a system is the organization of the necessary training and education of workers in the field of labor protection, which includes:
- Conducting all types of mandatory briefings required in a specific production situation, including introductory, primary, repeated, targeted and extraordinary;
- conducting training on labor protection in accordance with the requirements of the joint resolution of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Labor No. 1/29 and other regulatory documents;
- conducting training in the field of fire safety in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations No. 645;
- organization of other types of briefings and training in accordance with the profile of the enterprise.
The employer must ensure that employees complete all required training activities in a timely manner during the course of their work. This ensures that their knowledge about occupational safety is up to date and significantly reduces the risk of injury.
Types of work injuries
Industrial injuries can be divided according to several criteria: the number of victims, the severity of the consequences, the type of external influence that led to the injury, the characteristic signs of the injury, the presence of a connection with the performance of one’s professional duties. Below we will consider their types of industrial injuries in more detail:
Accidents are divided into:
1. According to the number of victims per
- single,
- group (two or more people were injured at the same time).
2. By severity
- light (pricks, scratches, abrasions),
- severe (bone fractures, concussion),
- with a fatal outcome (the victim dies).
3. Depending on the circumstances
a) related to production, performance of job duties,
These are injuries sustained at work related specifically to the performance of job duties. These also include injuries received during a lunch break and injuries received while traveling in official vehicles. On the contrary, if the injury was received on the territory of the enterprise, but by an outsider, it will not be classified as work-related.
b) not related to production, but related to work,
Explanation
: An accident is recognized as work-related if it occurred while performing any actions in the interests of the enterprise outside of it (on the way to or from work), while performing state or public duties, while on a business trip, while fulfilling the duty of a citizen of the Russian Federation to saving a human life, etc. At the same time, not the entire journey home is considered work-related time; if you went to a store on the way and got injured there or afterwards, it will no longer be considered that you were coming from work.
The circumstances of work-related accidents, as well as domestic injuries, are clarified by the insurance delegates of the trade union group and reported to the labor safety commission of the trade union committee.
c) accidents at home.
4. By type of external influence that led to injury
- Electrical (electrical damage),
- Chemical (damage caused by chemical reagents),
- Thermal (damage caused by temperature changes),
- Mechanical (damage caused by mechanical impact: collisions, impacts, falling objects),
- Other impacts (drowning, etc.).
5. Based on signs of injury
a) Incised wound,
b) Puncture wound,
c) Laceration,
d) Bruise,
e) Amputation (for example, when a worker’s fingers are cut off on a machine),
f) Fractures (closed and open),
g) Sprains and dislocations,
h) Burns (from fire and electricity),
i) Frostbite,
j) Poisoning,
k) Choking.
Injuries on the way to and from work
This type of injury, as well as accidents that occur while performing official assignments or public duties (in fires, earthquakes, protecting people, etc.), are classified as a separate group because for all days of incapacity due to such an injury, the victim is paid 100 % of basic earnings. All these cases are investigated by insurance agents on behalf of the trade union committee of the enterprise, and a report is drawn up. Medical workers keep records of patients' data and ensure that there is no transfer of work-related injuries to this group.
Main causes of industrial injuries (classification of causes of industrial injuries)
The following are the main causes of industrial injuries:
Firstly, the causes of industrial injuries are divided into objective
and
random
.
The diagram below provides a structure for dividing the main causes of industrial injuries into categories and subcategories.
Now let's look at them in more detail.
Random ones include:
NS on the territory of the organization, not related to the work and specifics of production.
Example: If a person was walking along the territory of a plant and twisted his leg, this would be considered an accidental accident, or while mowing the grass on the territory with a petrol mower, a pebble flew into a passing employee of the enterprise and cut his face.
Object reasons
in turn are divided into
:
1) Technical
– use of faulty or outdated equipment (machines, tools), damage to the insulation of power cables, low level of production automation, general imperfection of the technical process.
Technical causes of industrial injuries are the most common.
2) Sanitary and hygienic
– non-compliance with SanPiN requirements:
- aisles that are not wide enough;
- too high humidity;
- lack of ventilation in the room;
- bad light;
- draft;
- low/high temperatures;
- air pollution;
- evaporation of harmful substances;
- vibration;
- noise;
- lack of sanitary facilities.
The consequences of these reasons may be the following:
- in a poorly lit workshop, you may not notice the dangerous movement of individual pieces of equipment, a crane carrying a load, and an approaching electric vehicle;
- Drafts and cold provoke colds, inflammation, and the development of occupational diseases;
- The lack of household premises violates the standards of personal hygiene of people;
- With insufficient ventilation or its absence, harmful substances accumulate in the air, which enter the respiratory system, affect the mucous membranes and blood, and become the cause of occupational diseases;
- Drafts, vibration and noise gradually cause irreversible processes in the human body: chronic inflammation, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, etc. prof. diseases.
3) Organizational
– insufficient or downright poor organization of the technical process and workplaces:
- violation of regulations;
- incorrect placement of equipment;
- non-compliance with transportation standards;
- lack of fencing of hazardous work areas;
- failure to provide workers with special clothing appropriate to their profession;
- lack of control over the production process and negligent attitude on the part of management;
- non-compliance by employees with safety regulations, most often due to negligence or haste;
- failure to conduct safety briefings and training in safe working methods, which leads to the next point;
- low level of labor discipline, most often due to inexperience or incompetence of the manager;
- performing complex and responsible work by an employee with insufficient qualifications (usually due to a lack of qualified workers and a lack of funds for the organization to improve the skills of its employees).
As we see, with proper labor planning for an enterprise, the organizational causes of industrial injuries can be reduced to zero.
4) Psychophysiological:
- employee fatigue when performing professional duties,
- disease,
- nervous overload,
- emotional (professional) burnout,
- alcohol or drug intoxication, etc.
The environment also influences the frequency of accidents. Frost, snow, rain, strong wind, ice and other weather phenomena have a negative impact on the condition of workers who, as part of their job duties, perform work outside at any time of the year in any weather conditions.
Ways to monitor the health status
Methods for analyzing industrial injuries
A special department should control the process. If the organization is large, then this should be a whole staff of employees. Below is a list of responsibilities of the security service, participants in injury prevention:
- control over employees and their managers;
- checking compliance with requirements and adherence to regulations and the company's charter;
- compliance with the collective agreement and job description;
- provision and use of personal protective equipment;
- accident prevention;
- investigations of dangerous situations that have already occurred;
- planning activities to improve working conditions and safety;
- research into possible causes of injury;
- compliance with the instructions of state supervision and control bodies;
- compliance with labor protection requirements.
Important! Each organization should have detailed instructions for each event and organizational process.
The most common cause of workplace injuries is poor employee awareness. That is why competent organization of preventive measures is important. The main job of the safety service is not only to instruct and supervise work, but also to eliminate factors that could provoke an accident.
Occupational diseases and causes of their occurrence
Unlike injuries, occupational diseases arise gradually. Most often they occur during long-term work associated with hazardous working conditions.
For example
: riveting with pneumatic tools (as well as any work with tools that create vibration), work in the cold, work with harmful substances, in a foundry, work as a driver.
In production that is not associated with hazardous working conditions, there are also factors that increase the risk of developing occupational diseases, these are:
- poor sanitation, lack of good ventilation;
- ignoring protective equipment;
- non-compliance with the technological process, non-compliance with the work and rest regime;
- outdated technologies.
Professions most at risk of developing occupational diseases
Professions with an increased risk of developing occupational diseases (they are also included in the category with increased occupational injuries) include:
- builders;
- miners;
- collectors;
- steelworkers;
- rescuers;
- divers;
- railway track installer;
- drilling rig operators;
- journalists;
- law enforcement agencies;
- teachers;
- energy and others;
(those underlined are most at risk).
Analyzing the list, we can conclude that occupational diseases arise not only at the physical level in professions associated with heavy physical labor and dangerous conditions, but also at the mental level (teachers, police, etc.).
Classification of occupational diseases in production
The classification of such ailments involves five groups, among which the following are distinguished:
- Ailments under the influence of chemical factors. Such diseases include various types of intoxication along with their consequences.
- Diseases caused by dust, dirt, etc.
- Diseases due to physical factors. These include hypothermia, heat stroke, and laser radiation.
- Ailments caused by stressful situations and overexertion.
- Deterioration of health due to biological factors. These include infectious pathologies.
Recording and investigation of industrial accidents
An employer who has had an accident at his enterprise must investigate it by creating an NS investigation commission for this purpose.
The investigation commission must necessarily consist of an odd number and at least 3 people. At a minimum, it should include: one labor protection specialist or a person appointed responsible for organizing labor protection work by order (instruction) of the employer, representatives of the employer, representatives of the elected body of the primary trade union organization or other representative body of workers, and a labor protection commissioner. The commission is headed by the employer (his representative), and in cases provided for by this Code, by an official of the relevant federal executive body exercising state control (supervision) in the established field of activity.
The investigation must be carried out within a period that should not exceed:
- 3 days for cases that are classified as mild (including group cases);
- 15 days for severe and fatal cases (including group cases).
In some cases, the investigation period may be extended by no more than 15 days.
Based on the data obtained during the investigation, it will be necessary to register an accident, send completed originals and copies of the necessary forms to interested persons and authorities.
The investigation and recording of industrial accidents is carried out in accordance with the “Regulations on the peculiarities of the investigation of industrial accidents in certain industries and organizations”, approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation of October 24, 2002 N73, as well as articles 227-231 of the Labor Code RF.
Investigating an accident can be a rather complex process, since the interests of the victim and the employer often do not coincide.
Each production-related accident is documented with an N-1 accident report, and in case of a serious or fatal accident, a Form 4 report is also issued. After the N-1 report is issued, the accident must be entered into the accident register ().
Recording accidents at work allows you to analyze the reasons why they occurred and take measures to prevent them in the future.
Terms and concepts
Trauma is mechanical damage caused by external factors. It becomes industrial when an accident occurs at the enterprise and/or during the employee’s performance of his job duties, including on a business trip. Industrial injuries are a general name for a phenomenon, a term that defines and unites the totality of all accidents (at an enterprise, in a workshop, in a country).
Injuries at work are most often the result of an accident. But the potentially negative impact of the work environment on the employee does not end there: the law also defines the concept of occupational disease. It arises as a result of the influence - long-term or short-term - of certain factors. Since these phenomena lead (or may subsequently lead) to a significant deterioration in the health of workers and their loss of ability to work, the prevention of industrial injuries and occupational diseases is an important part of all labor protection measures at the enterprise.
Measures to prevent and reduce industrial injuries
One of the most serious problems in organizing the activities of an enterprise is ensuring safe working conditions for workers. To do this, the enterprise must regularly analyze the level of industrial injuries, find out its causes, make the necessary changes to the technical process and, based on this, predict the future level of injuries at the enterprise and develop measures to reduce it to a minimum.
Methods for recording and analyzing industrial injuries
There are different methods for analyzing and predicting industrial injuries. The main one is statistical; on its basis, group and topographical ones have been developed. Also, specialists regularly use monographic, economic and scientific forecasting methods. Let's take a closer look at them.
Statistical analysis:
relies on bare statistics: what, where, when and to whom happened. All data on accidents is entered into a database and systematized. The data is analyzed to determine the most common work-related injuries, determine the most dangerous time (shift, calendar day, daily hour), find out the age of employees who are most prone to injury, and so on.
Based on these data, various occupational injury rates are calculated. So, when analyzing, the employer needs to calculate several indicators, one of which is the frequency rate of industrial injuries
(Kch). Determined based on the number of injuries received per 1,000 (10,000, 100,000) employees over a certain period of time (month, quarter, year). For this, the formula is used:
Kch = Tr x 1000 / St, where:
- Тр – number of injuries over the allotted period of time;
- St – the number of employees working in the organization for the same period (the average number of employees is taken into account).
The second is the gravity coefficient (Kt). In this case, it is determined how severe the consequences of the injuries received by the workers were (without taking into account deaths and injuries resulting in disability). Due to the fact that the CT does not take into account the most severe accidents that result in disability and death, it must be supplemented with information about cases of complete loss of ability to work or death of victims. The formula used for calculation is:
Kt = Dn / Tr, where:
- Day is the total number of days of incapacity (when the affected employees were on sick leave);
- Tr – number of injuries over a certain period of time.
The higher the indicator, the more severe the level of injuries received by workers, but in the case of a small enterprise where few injuries occur, the severity coefficient does not provide objective information. A more objective indicator is the injury loss coefficient (CI). It allows you to calculate the number of days of disability on average per 1,000 people. Calculated using the formula:
Kp = Kch x Kt, where:
- Kch – injury frequency rate;
- CT – severity coefficient.
The coefficient of injuries resulting in employee disability or death (Ksi) together with the indicator Kch add up to a certain theory of dependence on one another. In the scientific literature, this relationship is called the Heinrich triangle. Its construction is based on analytical research and analysis. On average, for every 300 minor accidents there is 1 major damage. Ksi is calculated by the formula:
Xi = CTr x (100% / Tr), where:
- CTr – the number of injuries over a certain period of time that resulted in the death of an employee or his disability;
- Tp – the total number of injuries over the same period of time (including fatalities).
For greater convenience, the injury prevention cost ratio (CP) is also calculated at an average level per 1,000 employees. The formula used is:
Kz = Z x 1000 / St, where:
- Z – costs for a certain period of time;
- Tr – the average number of employees in the organization for the same time.
The injury-free period (PFP) calculates the average length of time between previous and subsequent work-related injuries (in a workshop, at an enterprise, among workers in a given profession, on a given type of equipment, etc.). To do this, use the formula:
Pbt = Dn / Tr, where:
- Day – number of working days for a certain time;
- Тр – number of injuries for the same period.
The given formulas allow the employer to determine with the accuracy he needs all the main indicators of occupational injuries that have occurred. Each large employer has its own accepted standards for all of these coefficients. If one of the actual indicators is higher than normal, the employer needs to do something to reduce the number of accidents in the future.
Group and topographic
Both of these methods are also based on statistical data.
Group method
studies all occupational injuries that have occurred (without taking into account the severity of the consequences) and places them into certain categories:
- age group of employees and their length of service;
- the cause of the injury;
- the nature of the injuries received;
- profession (position) of the affected workers, and so on.
The group analysis method makes it possible to determine which category of workers is the most vulnerable, so the employer knows what he needs to pay special attention to.
Topographic method
Based on statistics, determines the location of occupational injuries. On the map of the enterprise (workshop, entire plant) all the places where accidents occurred to employees are indicated. This method allows you to find out whether a high level of occupational injuries is associated with problems in a certain area. If in one of the workshops (divisions) the concentration of accidents is too high, a detailed inspection of this room should be carried out.
Monographic
The monographic method thoroughly studies all the details of the cases that occurred:
- organization of technical process in production,
- the employee’s condition (whether he was tired or intoxicated),
- time of injury,
- features of the workplace,
- what equipment was used by the employee,
- whether personal protective equipment was worn and in what condition it was. It makes sense to use the monographic method for each individual case (for which a special commission is created at the enterprise) and compare the results obtained with previous reports.
Economic
The main essence of the economic method is to calculate the feasibility of introducing new labor protection measures. For example, is it worth hiring a special employee responsible for preventing industrial injuries? To do this, the employer calculates the average amount of material costs (Km) per accident using the formula:
Km = Mz / Tr, where:
- Мз – the total amount of material costs spent in connection with industrial injuries;
- Тр – number of injuries for the same period.
Next, the employer needs to determine the effectiveness of attracting an employee responsible for injury prevention (how many cases of injuries he can prevent) and based on this decide what will be more profitable financially: the cost of a new employee’s salary and the cost of all his initiatives, or the cost of coverage for damage from industrial injuries.
Scientific forecasting
The main goal of the method is to determine the possible number of future accidents based on all available data (industrial injuries in previous periods, measures taken to improve labor protection, the condition of equipment at the enterprise, and so on). In order for the method to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to develop a computer program based on it that would make it possible to quickly assess the situation at the enterprise and prevent injuries.
Measures to prevent injury
Measures aimed at preventing and eliminating the causes of accidents at work are divided into two types:
- technical
- organizational
Technical measures
are achieved by ensuring:
- industrial sanitation (formation of a comfortable microclimate, thermal insulation of buildings and technological equipment, installation of lighting in accordance with regulatory documents, ensuring correct work and rest conditions);
- implementation of safety precautions (creation and implementation of safe equipment, mechanization and automation of technology processes, use of safety systems that can prevent a person from an accident, convenient location of equipment, implementation of an automatic control system, process control).
Organizational include :
- correct organization of work process and place;
- supervision and control over the state of labor protection (achieved with the help of specially trained inspectors who must constantly fulfill their duties in checking working conditions at work);
- compliance with the laws of the Labor Code;
- introduction of safe work organization methods;
- promotion of basic labor safety rules;
- organization of transport tests and technical inspections.
The employer has at his disposal a sufficient number of ways to assess and analyze occupational injuries that have occurred. These methods allow him to obtain a complete statistical picture of all industrial accidents and determine the main causes of injuries at the enterprise in order, based on these data, to adjust measures to improve labor protection at work and organize additional measures to prevent industrial accidents.
Despite this, the main problem of injuries lies in the human factor, which is very difficult to predict and therefore difficult to prevent.
Prevention of occupational injuries
Occupational injuries and measures to prevent them are necessary because even the most qualified employees do not always understand the danger they can be exposed to if they do not follow safety rules. To exclude the possibility of getting a disease, it is worth understanding that injuries are not an accident, but most often a disorganized work process or the negligence of employees.
Causes of industrial injuries
If a person does not follow the recommendations of safety personnel or does not take instructions seriously, injury may result. That is why preventive procedures play an important role. The more a person is exposed to prevention, the more prepared he will be during an emergency and avoid injury. The organization of measures to combat accidents is controlled by the administration, and it is she who appoints people who control the preventive process.
Note! The main activities are detailed instructions. If a person violates safety rules, he is given a warning. If violations occur repeatedly, the employee may lose his job.
Preventing workplace injuries
How it is carried out at the enterprise
Security personnel should be responsible for organizing preventive measures. List of sequential stages:
- Analysis and identification of dangerous situations.
- Regular recording of violations.
- Conducting training for production workers.
- Eliminating the causes of possible injuries.
- Carrying out explanatory work.
- Checking working conditions.
- Application of administrative and material measures.
- Employee training.
- Improvement of employee qualifications.
- Train workers to recognize the signs of hazardous situations.
Prevention does not always help to avoid accidents at work. If a tragedy occurs, security officers are required to investigate all the circumstances of the case. After the investigation comes to an end, advanced methods of preventing injuries and occupational diseases are introduced into production.
Prevention methods
Basic measures to prevent accidents at work
Below is a list of activities related to the prevention of dangerous situations:
- conducting instructions. There may be several such events: an introductory procedure, periodic explanations, unscheduled briefings and repeated ones, if necessary;
- preliminary conversations before a new employee begins the work process and provision of additional instructions directly at the workplace;
- specialized safety training.
Some organizations provide special corners for the study of safety precautions, which in a visual way or with the help of theoretical material make it possible to supplement the knowledge of employees. If we are talking about an enterprise whose activities are specific, the special aspects of the work are prescribed in the job description, and the new employee signs an agreement that he has taken into account all the risks.
List of main events
Question 34. Occupational injuries and measures to prevent them
Home Favorites Random article Educational New additions Feedback FAQ1. The concept of industrial injury and industrial injuries
2. Duties and responsibilities of the administration in case of an accident at work
3. Characteristics of methods for analyzing the causes of industrial injuries
4. Types and content of briefings and other forms of safety training
1. Work injury
is a sudden damage to the human body and loss of ability to work caused by an industrial accident.
The repetition of work-related accidents is called work-related injuries.
Accidents are divided into:
· by the number of victims – individual
(one person was injured) and
group
(two or more people were injured simultaneously);
· in terms of severity – light
(injections, scratches, abrasions),
severe
(bone fractures, concussion),
fatal
(the victim dies);
· depending on the circumstances – related to production, not related to production,
but work-related and accidents at home.
Accidents not related to production can be classified as accidents related to work (according to the list given in Appendix 2, paragraph 63 of the Regulations on the procedure for assigning and paying benefits for state social insurance), or to accidents at home. An accident is recognized as work-related if it occurred while performing any actions in the interests of the enterprise outside its boundaries (on the way to or from work), while performing state or public duties, while fulfilling the duty of a citizen of the Russian Federation to save human life, etc. .P. The circumstances of work-related accidents, as well as domestic injuries, are clarified by the insurance delegates of the trade union group and reported to the labor safety commission of the trade union committee.
Accidents that occur on the territory of enterprises and in places specifically specified in the regulations on the investigation of industrial accidents must be investigated.
2.
The head of the site where the accident occurred
is obliged to:
· organize first-aid measures for the victim and hospitalize him;
· take measures to prevent a reoccurrence; urgently report the accident to the head of the enterprise and the trade union committee;
· within 3 days, investigate the accident together with a senior public labor safety inspector and a safety engineer;
· draw up an accident report in form N-1 in two copies and send it to the head of the enterprise.
The act is approved by the head of the enterprise and certified with the seal of the organization. One copy of the act is given to the victim. The second copy is stored along with the investigation materials for 45 years in the organization at the main place of work (study, service) of the victim at the time of the accident. The manager is obliged to immediately report a group, fatal or serious case to the technical inspector of the trade union serving the enterprise, a higher economic body, the prosecutor's office at the location of the enterprise, Gostekhnadzor or Energonadzor for objects under their control.
For accidents related to production, the administration is responsible,
and the victim is paid temporary disability benefits in the amount of average earnings at the expense of the enterprise. In case of disability resulting from injury or other damage to health, the victim is awarded a pension.
3.
One of the most important conditions for the fight against industrial injuries is
a systematic analysis of the causes of their occurrence,
which are divided into technical and organizational.
Technical reasons
in most cases manifest themselves as a result of design flaws in equipment, insufficient lighting, malfunction of protective equipment, fencing devices, etc.
Organizational reasons
include non-compliance with worker safety rules, low labor and production discipline, improper organization of work, lack of control over the production process, etc.
The results of injury analysis depend to a large extent on the reliability and thoroughness of registration of reports on industrial accidents. Particular care should be taken to fill out clause 15 of the specified act, in which the technical (lack of safety devices, equipment malfunction) or organizational (lack of training of the victim, incorrect work method) reason for the accident should be clearly and clearly formulated.
An analysis of the causes of accidents at work is carried out in order to develop measures to eliminate and prevent them. To do this, use the following methods:
· Monographic;
· Topographical;
· Statistical.
Monographic method
provides for a multifaceted analysis of the causes of injuries directly in the workplace. At the same time, they study the organization and working conditions, the condition of equipment, inventory, and tools. This method is effective in statistical analysis of the state of labor protection.
Topographic method
analysis allows us to determine the location of the most common cases of injury. To do this, on the plan diagram of the enterprise, where workplaces and equipment are indicated, the number of accidents during the analyzed period is noted. This allows greater attention to be given to improving working conditions in workplaces where accidents are most common.
Statistical method
The analysis is based on the study of quantitative indicators of these reports on accidents at enterprises and organizations. In this case, the coefficients of frequency and severity of injuries are mainly used.
4.
Effective measures to prevent injuries include qualifying behavior
during introductory, on-the-job, periodic (repeated), unscheduled and ongoing briefings.
Induction training
Employees entering the enterprise for the first time and students sent for practical training must undergo it. Introductory briefing introduces safety rules, internal regulations of the enterprise, the main causes of accidents and the procedure for providing first aid in case of accidents.
On-the-job training (initial)
Employees who re-enter the enterprise or are transferred to another place of work, and students undergoing practical training must undergo it. This training introduces you to safety rules in the workplace, as well as personal protective equipment.
Periodic (repeated) briefing
is carried out with the aim of testing the knowledge and ability of workers to apply the skills they acquired during induction training and in the workplace. Regardless of qualifications and work experience, employees of manufacturing enterprises must undergo this type of instruction (at least once every three months).
Unscheduled briefing
carried out at the workplace when replacing equipment, changing the technological process or after accidents due to insufficient previous instructions.
Current briefing
carried out after detection of violations of rules and safety instructions or when performing work under a work permit.
Every business should have a book to record safety instructions.
5.2. Glossary of terms, concepts, definitions for the discipline “Life Safety”
A
Accident
is a failure or damage to any mechanism, machine, machine, installation, production line, power supply system, equipment, vehicle, building or structure.
Axiom about the potential danger of activity
- any activity is potentially dangerous.
Alcoholism
— (type of social danger) - a chronic disease caused by the systematic consumption of alcoholic beverages. Physical and mental dependence on alcohol, mental and social degradation, pathology of internal organs, metabolism, central and peripheral nervous systems are manifested.
Anticyclone
is an area of high pressure in the atmosphere with a maximum in the center. The diameter of the anticyclone is several thousand kilometers. An anticyclone is characterized by a system of winds blowing clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, partly cloudy and dry weather and weak winds.
Anthropogenic pollution of the natural environment
is pollution caused by human economic activity (industry, agriculture, transport, etc.).
Anthropogenic environmental pollution is divided into dust, gas, chemical (including soil pollution with chemicals), aromatic, thermal (changes in temperature of water, air, soil).
Man-made hazards
arise as a result of erroneous and unauthorized actions of a person or group of people.
Man-made emergency
— An emergency resulting from the erroneous actions of people.
Aeration ventilation
carried out due to the difference in the specific gravity of cold and warm air outside and inside the room, or wind pressure
B
Banditry
(type of social danger) is the organization of armed gangs for the purpose of attacking state and public institutions or individuals, as well as participation in such gangs and attacks committed by them.
Safety
- a state of activity in which, with a certain probability, the occurrence of dangers is excluded, or the absence of excessive danger.
Life safety
- a field of scientific knowledge that studies dangers and ways to protect a person from them in any living conditions.
Safety in emergencies
— the state of protection of the population, national economic facilities and the natural environment from dangers in emergency situations. Safety is distinguished by type (industrial, radiation, chemical, seismic, fire, biological, environmental), by object (population, national economic object and natural environment) and the main source of emergency situations.
Safe working conditions
These are working conditions under which the worker’s exposure to harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their level does not exceed hygienic standards.
Biosphere
- the natural area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper layer of the lithosphere, which have not experienced anthropogenic impact.
Biologically
dangerous and harmful factors are: pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, special types of microorganisms - spirochetes and fungi) and their metabolic products; plants and animals. Biological pollution of the environment occurs as a result of accidents at biological enterprises, wastewater treatment plants, and insufficient wastewater treatment.
Biological emergency
— Emergencies occurring from living beings and organisms.
IN
Types of industrial dust
. Organic, inorganic and mixed. Organic, in turn, are divided into dust of natural (wood, cotton, linen, wool, etc.) and artificial (dust of plastics, rubber, resins, etc.) origin.
Inorganic dusts are divided into metal (iron, zinc, aluminum, etc.) and mineral (quartz, cement, asbestos, etc.) dust. Mixed types of dust include coal dust containing particles of coal, quartz and silicates, as well as dust generated in chemical and other industries.
Types of social dangers
: blackmail, fraud, banditry, robbery, rape, hostage-taking, terror, drug addiction, alcoholism, smoking, sexually transmitted diseases, suicide.
Effect of dust on the body
. The adverse effects of dust on the body can cause diseases. Typically, a distinction is made between specific (pneumoconiosis, allergic diseases) and nonspecific (chronic respiratory diseases, eye and skin diseases) dust infections.
Harmful
are substances that, upon contact with the human body, can cause injuries, diseases or health deviations, detected by modern methods both during contact with it and in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations.
Harmful factor
- a negative impact on a person, which leads to deterioration of health or illness and negatively affects performance.
G
Genetic weapon
are new forms of harmful bacteria created by genetic engineering. When introduced into a foreign body, these bacteria release substances that change the structure of genes, causing the appearance of new pathogenic bacteria. A great danger is the possibility of DNA recombination, which allows a non-pathogenic bacterium to be made pathogenic by implanting into it the genetic information of pathogenicity or the production of toxins.
Geophysical weapons
– represents a complex impact on processes in the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere of the Earth.
Global emergency
– An emergency situation, the consequences of which are so great that they cover significant territories, a number of republics, territories, regions and neighboring countries. To eliminate the consequences, the forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Ministry of Defense are involved.
Ice
- a layer of dense ice that forms on the surface of the earth and on objects (wires, structures) when supercooled drops of fog or rain freeze on them.
hail
- a type of atmospheric precipitation consisting of spherical particles or pieces of ice (hailstones) ranging in size from 5 to 55 mm; there are hailstones measuring 130 mm and weighing up to 1 kg. The density of hailstones is 0.5-0.9 g/cm3. B 1 min. 500-1000 hailstones fall per 1m2. The duration of hail is usually 5-10 minutes, very rarely - up to 1 hour.
Thunder
- sound in the atmosphere accompanying a lightning strike. Caused by air vibrations under the influence of an instantaneous increase in pressure along the path of lightning.
D
Activity
- a specific human form of active attitude towards the surrounding world, the content of which is its purposeful change and transformation. Every activity includes a goal, a means, a result and the process of activity itself. The forms of activity are diverse.
E
Unified Russian State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Natural Disasters and Emergency Situations (RSChS)
, has the governing bodies, forces and means to protect the population and national heritage from the effects of disasters, accidents, environmental and natural disasters or to reduce their impact.
The main goal of the Emergency Response System is to unite the efforts of central and regional bodies of representative and executive power, as well as organizations and institutions to prevent and eliminate emergencies.
Organizationally, the RSChS consists of territorial and functional subsystems and has five levels: federal, regional (several constituent entities of the Russian Federation), territorial (territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation), local (district, city) and facility (organization, enterprise).
Natural Hazards
caused by climatic and natural phenomena. They arise when weather conditions and natural light in the biosphere change, as well as from natural phenomena occurring in the biosphere (floods, earthquakes, etc.).
AND
Life activity
- This is everyday activity and recreation, a way of human existence.
Residential (domestic) environment -
This is a set of conditions and factors that allow a person to carry out his non-productive activities in populated areas.
Z
Environmental pollution
(habitat) are physical and chemical changes in the composition of natural matter (air, water, soil) that threaten human health and life, as well as the natural habitat surrounding him. Pollution of the natural environment can be cosmic - natural, which the Earth receives from Space or due to volcanic eruptions, and anthropogenic, caused as a result of human economic activity.
Zazhory
- This is an accumulation of slush and finely broken ice that forms in winter. The thickness of jammed ice accumulations on the Angara and Lena reaches 10...15 m, the length is 25 km, the reduction in the cross-sectional area of the channel is up to 80%. The formation of a jam was one of the reasons for the catastrophic flood on the river. Lena in 2001
Hostage taking
(type of social danger) - represents a form of crime. Its essence consists in the capture of people (most often children and women) by one person in order to force others to fulfill certain demands, from among whom the hostages are taken.
Congestion
- This is an accumulation of ice floes during the spring snowmobile season. Jams, as a rule, form when the ice cover collapses at flow speeds of more than 0.6 m/s in areas of decreasing slope of the water surface, at sharp turns of rivers, in narrowing river beds, etc. As a result of a jam, water rises at the site of the jam and upstream. This often leads to flooding of the surrounding area, and piles of ice 10...15 m high are formed on the banks of rivers.
Security in an emergency
— a state in which the negative consequences of potential hazards in emergency situations are prevented, overcome or minimized for the population, national economic facilities and the natural environment.
Protection against vibration and noise
. One of the effective ways to protect against vibrations caused by the operation of machines and mechanisms is vibration isolation. Vibration isolators are elastic elements placed between the machine and its base.
Protection against ionizing radiation
. Protection Shielding is widely used for protection against ionizing radiation. It allows you to reduce radiation exposure to any given level. The material used for shielding and the thickness of the shield depend on the nature of the radiation
(alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons). The thickness of the screen is calculated based on the laws of attenuation of radiation in the substance of the screen.
Alpha particles have a small range and are easily absorbed by glass, plexiglass, and foil of any thickness.
To protect against beta radiation, materials with a low atomic number are used; to absorb hard beta rays, lead screens with internal aluminum lining are used.
To attenuate gamma radiation, elements with a high atomic number and high density are most often used: lead, tungsten, concrete, steel.
High-energy neutrons are first slowed down to thermal neutrons with the help of water-containing substances (heavy water, paraffin, plastics, polyethylene), and then slow neutrons are absorbed by stripping materials with a large absorption cross section (bornite, graphite, cadmium, etc.)
Electromagnetic radiation protection
. Shielding is used to protect against electromagnetic fields. In this case, materials with high electrical conductivity (copper, aluminum, brass) are used in the form of sheets with a thickness of at least 0.5 mm. or meshes with a cell size of no more than 4x4 mm.
Health
- the natural state of the body, characterized by its balance with the environment and the absence of any painful changes.
Public health
- the main property of the human community, its natural state, reflecting the individual reactions of each member of society and the ability of the entire community to effectively carry out social and biological functions. The concept of “human health” does not directly carry a quantitative measure. The estimated contribution (genetics) of humans is 20-22, environment - 18-22, healthcare - 7-12%.
Earthquakes
- These are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations.
Emergency zone
— a territory or water area in which an emergency occurred as a result of the occurrence of an emergency source or the spread of its consequences from other areas.
AND
Hazard identification
- the process of recognizing the image of a danger, establishing possible causes, spatial and temporal coordinates, the likelihood of manifestation, the magnitude and consequences of the danger.
Rape
(type of social danger) – sexual intercourse with the use of physical violence, threats or taking advantage of the helpless state of the victim. Criminal law provides for severe punishment for this type of crime.
Immunity
- this is not the body’s susceptibility to infectious diseases, as well as to agents and substances that have antigenic properties foreign to the body.
Individual risk
- a risk characterizing a certain type of danger for an individual.
Ionizing radiation
- a flow of particles (electrons, positrons, protons, neutrons) and quanta (X-rays, gamma rays) of electromagnetic radiation, the passage of which through a substance leads to ionization and excitation of its atoms and molecules.
Source of emergency
- a dangerous natural phenomenon, an accident or a dangerous man-made incident, a widespread human disease, as well as the use of modern means of destruction, as a result of which an emergency has occurred or may occur.
Depletion and destruction of the natural environment
, i.e. the loss of those natural irreplaceable resources that serve as a source of human economic activity as a result of economic activity.
TO
Carcinogens
- chemical compounds or physical agents that contribute to the occurrence of malignant neoplasms (tumors) in animals, plants and humans.
Catastrophe
- an incident in a technical system, accompanied by death or disappearance of people, an unforeseen and unexpected situation that the affected population cannot cope with on their own.
Quality of the natural environment
- this is a state of its ecological systems in which the exchange processes of energy and substances between nature and humans are constantly ensured at a level that ensures the reproduction of life on Earth. Before active human intervention, the quality of the environment was maintained by nature itself through self-regulation, self-purification from non-technogenic pollution.
Habitat quality
— the degree of compliance of environmental parameters with the needs of people and other living organisms.
Classification of social dangers
, as a rule, is carried out according to certain criteria.
1. By nature
: a) associated with mental influence on a person (blackmail, fraud, theft, etc.); 6) associated with physical violence (robbery, banditry, terror, rape, hostage-taking); c) associated with the use of substances that destroy the human body (drug addiction, alcoholism, smoking); d) related to diseases (AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.); e) danger of suicide.
2. By the scale of the event
: a) local; 6) regional; c) global.
3. By gender and age
This feature distinguishes between social dangers characteristic of children, youth, women, and the elderly.
4. By organization
can be accidental or intentional.
Emergency classification:
1. By nature of occurrence
— natural, man-made, environmental, biological, anthropogenic, social and combined;
2. According to the scale of the consequences
— local, object, local, national, regional, global;
3. Due to the occurrence
- intentional and unintentional (spontaneous);
4. According to the speed of development
- explosive, sudden, fleeting, smooth;
5. If possible, prevent emergencies
- inevitable (natural), preventable (technogenic, social), anthropogenic.
Comfort of the environment
- a subjective feeling and objective state of complete health under the given conditions of the human environment, including its production, natural and socio-economic indicators.
Environmental control
— monitoring the state and changes in the characteristics of landscape components that are especially important for humans and biota. Environmental control is carried out by government agencies and enterprises according to a specific program, continuously or periodically, at individual points or through inspection raids. All regulatory qualities of the natural environment are divided into three types (groups): sanitary and hygienic, production and economic, and complex.
Environmental control
production - the activities of enterprises, organizations, institutions to manage the environmental impact of existing sources of pollution.
L
Laser weapons
- These are quantum generators that generate coherent electromagnetic radiation over a wide range of wavelengths, designed to destroy manpower and equipment.
Forest fires
is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spreads spontaneously in a forest area.
Local emergency
- this is an emergency of a scale that is limited to one industrial installation, production line, workshop, small production or some separate enterprise system. To eliminate the consequences, the forces and means available at the affected facility are sufficient.
Beam weapon
is based on the achievements of modern physics and is conventionally divided into laser, grazer and beam.
M
Local emergencies
- this is an emergency, the scale of which is limited to a village, city, district, or a separate region. To eliminate the consequences, there are sufficient forces and means available directly under the local region, the head of the civil defense, his emergency commission, as well as at industrial, transport, and agricultural facilities located on their territory. In some cases, military units of civil defense and other units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations may be involved.
Meteorological
(
atmospheric
)
weapons
are effects on microphysical processes in the atmosphere in order to change the local energy balance. By spraying certain chemicals into "warm" (made up of water droplets) and "cold" (made up of ice crystals) clouds, you can either disperse them or create artificial rain. Precipitation can be increased quantitatively to 200...300 mm, this poses a great danger for low-lying and humid areas. (used in 1963 in Vietnam 858 mm in three days - huge damage).
Lightning
is a giant electrical spark discharge in the atmosphere, usually manifested by a bright flash of light and accompanying thunder.
Monitoring
— a system for observing, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic impact. Types of monitoring are distinguished both by their nature and by the methods or purposes of observation. In accordance with three types of pollution, monitoring is distinguished: global, regional, impact, basic; by methods - aviation, space; according to tasks - prognostic.
Fraud
(type of social danger) - a crime consisting of taking state, public and personal property (or acquiring rights to property) through deception or abuse of trust. It is obvious that a person who has become a victim of fraud experiences a strong psychophysiological shock.
N
Labor intensity
characterized by emotional stress on the body during work that requires predominantly intensive brain work to receive and process information.
Addiction
(a type of social danger) (from the Greek narke - stupor and mania - madness, enthusiasm) - a person’s dependence on drugs, a disease that is expressed in the fact that the vital functions of organs are maintained at a certain level only if they take a narcotic substance and leads to deep saturation of physical and mental functions. Abrupt cessation of drug use causes disruption of many body functions—withdrawal.
National emergency
— an emergency that covers several economic regions or sovereign states, but does not extend beyond the country’s borders. The consequences are eliminated using the country's forces and resources, often with the involvement of foreign assistance.
Negative human activities in relation to the natural environment
manifests itself in the following areas: pollution of the natural environment; depletion of natural resources; destruction of the natural environment.
Nomenclature
- a system of names and terms used in any branch of science and technology. In the theory of life safety, it is advisable to distinguish several levels of nomenclature: general, local, sectoral, local (for individual objects), etc.
Norm
is a measure of influence.
Emission rate
— the total amount of gaseous and/or liquid waste allowed by the enterprise to be discharged into the environment. The emission rate is determined on the basis that the accumulation of harmful emissions from all enterprises in a given region does not create concentrations of pollutants in it that exceed the maximum permissible concentrations.
Pollution rate
- the maximum concentration of a substance entering or contained in the environment, allowed by regulations.
Standardization of environmental quality
is the process of developing and giving legal norms to scientifically determined standards in the form of indicators of the maximum permissible human impact on nature or the environment.
Standardized risk
— risk regulated by regulatory documents.
ABOUT
Metabolism
is a set of chemical reactions in the human body.
Site emergency
— An emergency situation, the consequences of which are limited to the territory of a plant, plant, industrial complex, institution, educational institution, but does not go beyond the boundaries of the facility. To eliminate them, although all the forces and means of the enterprise are involved, they are sufficient to cope with the emergency situation.
Danger
- a negative impact that occurs suddenly, periodically or constantly in the “man-environment” system. There are hazards of natural, technogenic and anthropogenic origin.
Dangerous situation
— a set of extreme and emergency situations that create the possibility of an accident.
Dangerous
, are called factors that lead, under certain conditions, to traumatic injuries or sudden and severe health problems.
Landslide
- this is the displacement of masses of rocks (soil) along a slope under the influence of its own weight and additional load due to erosion of the slope, waterlogging, seismic tremors and other processes. Landslides are classified by scale, speed of movement and activity, thickness and location of occurrence.
Basic metabolism
, is characterized by the amount of energy expenditure in a state of complete muscle rest under standard conditions (at a comfortable ambient temperature, 12-16 hours after eating in a supine position). The energy consumption for vital processes under these conditions for a person weighing 75 kg is 87.5 W.
Acute intoxication
As a rule, it occurs suddenly after short-term exposure to relatively high concentrations of poison and is expressed by more or less violent and specific clinical symptoms. In industrial conditions, acute poisoning is most often associated with accidents, equipment malfunction, or the introduction of new materials with little-studied toxicity into technology.
Environmental protection
. The current stage of development of environmental protection is characterized by the following directions: humanization, ecologization, economization, and anti-war orientation.
Occupational Safety and Health
— a system of legislative acts, socio-economic, organizational, technical, hygienic and therapeutic and preventive measures and means that ensure safety, preservation of human health and performance during the labor process.
Error
is defined as failure to complete an assigned task (or performance by a person of a prohibited action) that could cause serious consequences - injury, death, damage to equipment or property, or disruption of the normal course of planned operations.
P
Flood –
relatively short-term and non-periodic rise in water level. Successive floods can form a flood, and the last one can form a flood.
Overwork
. With prolonged exposure to the body of harmful factors in the working environment, overwork may develop, sometimes called chronic fatigue, when a night's rest does not completely restore the performance that has decreased during the day. The basis for the occurrence of overwork is the discrepancy between the duration and severity of work and rest time. In addition, the development of overwork can be facilitated by an unsatisfactory work environment, unfavorable living conditions, and poor nutrition.
Half life
- the time during which half of all atoms of a given radioactive isotope decay.
High water
, called a relatively long-term increase in the water content of rivers that occurs annually in the same season, accompanied by an increase in water level.
Damaging factor of the emergency source
- a component of a hazardous phenomenon or process caused by an emergency source and characterized by physical, chemical and biological actions or manifestations that are determined or expressed by relevant parameters.
Potential danger
, is a general threat not related to space and time.
Potentially dangerous object
(POO) - a facility where radioactive, fire-explosive, hazardous chemical and biological substances are used, produced, processed, stored or transported, creating a real threat of a source of emergency situations.
Potential
- possible, hidden.
Maximum permissible concentration (MPC)
) - standard, the amount of a harmful substance in the environment with constant contact or exposure over a certain period of time, which has virtually no effect on human health and does not cause adverse consequences in offspring.
Maximum permissible levels
physical impact on the environment - levels of noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields, etc., which should not have a direct or indirect harmful effect on humans with unlimited long-term exposure.
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