Which of the following does not belong to the category of workers?

Who are workers and employees?

In the All-Russian Classifier of Professions and Positions, all hired employees of organizations and enterprises of different forms of ownership are differentiated into workers and employees. There is a fundamental difference between these categories.

Workers are people who are directly involved in the production of material assets. They also carry out transportation of passengers and cargo, repair work, equipment maintenance, provision of maintenance services, etc.

Their professional duty is physical labor, for which they receive payment mainly on a piece-rate basis in accordance with the approved wage grades (from 2 to 8). The result of a worker’s labor can be “touched with your hands”, accurately measured and calculated.

Employees are employees who perform non-physical work, which requires professional training at various levels (it is received in colleges and universities, in courses). Such workers are employed in a variety of sectors of the economy:

• industry (designers, engineers, heads of workshops and departments);
• medicine (doctors);
• service sector (managers, IT specialists);
• trade (consultants, cashiers, salespeople);
• education (tutors, teachers, lecturers, educators);
• public service (officials, military, police), etc.

For their work they receive remuneration in the form of a salary stipulated by law, as well as additional allowances and bonuses. The result of employee labor, as a rule, cannot be accurately measured; it can only be assessed theoretically and rather subjectively, taking into account the success of the unit (organization) or the quality of the performance of some task.

Workers mainly work in the workshops of enterprises, on construction sites, in the field, in the kitchen, in mines, livestock farms, etc. Employees perform their tasks in offices, auditoriums, classrooms, and hospital wards. In production, they mainly perform management and supervisory functions.

Classification of enterprise personnel

Personnel are divided into categories depending on specific characteristics. Let's look at them in more detail:

• Property relations. There are owners (founders) of a legal entity. They own a share of the enterprise and profit from its activities. There are also hired employees.
• Degree of involvement in production activities. Production personnel are involved in activities directly, non-production personnel - indirectly.
• Place of main service. Employees may or may not be on the staff of the enterprise.

Some employees differ from others in the specifics of their activities and the characteristics of their labor relationships with enterprises.

Peculiarities of labor regulation of certain categories of workers .

Professions in the category "employees"

Let us clarify: the formulation of “employee professions” is not entirely correct; it is more correct to talk about positions - this is exactly the differentiation adopted in the official classifier.

In any case, the list of employee professions is very wide. In this case, all positions are divided into three main categories:

• Leaders. These are those who are now commonly called top managers: directors, chiefs, managers, managers and their deputies. In addition, this group includes chief specialists in certain areas: chief economist, chief agronomist, chief engineer, as well as government inspectors.
• Specialists. These are employees engaged in economic, engineering and other activities. For example, mechanics, administrators, editors, lawyers, teachers, psychologists, accountants. Also included in this subgroup are their assistants and assistants.
• Line employees. These are representatives of different professions who are engaged in business services, control and accounting, preparation of documents and reports. This category includes cashiers, archivists, clerks, timekeepers, secretaries, duty officers, commandants, etc.

Employees of state or municipal bodies (officials in the generally accepted sense) are also considered employees. The main task of a civil servant is to ensure compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, as well as to protect the interests and rights of citizens.

Special mention should be made of special structures that perform strategically important tasks for the country. First of all, we are talking about the Armed Forces and paramilitary organizations (police, Ministry of Emergency Situations). The bulk of the employees there are office workers.

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What specialties and where is it better to study?

Working professions are obtained in secondary specialized educational institutions (colleges) - technical schools and colleges - or in training centers. Employees (managers and specialists) need higher qualifications and, accordingly, higher education. In principle, after studying in any field at a university, a graduate comes to enterprises, organizations and companies for one of the employee positions. You can work in the specialty indicated in the diploma, or get a job in the civil service, where for many positions it is enough to have any higher education.

You can enter a university of any profile: humanities, technical or classical. To do this, it is necessary to pass the mandatory Unified State Exam in Russian language and mathematics, as well as in subjects related to the future specialty (history, biology, chemistry, social studies, physics, etc.). Admission to colleges is based on a competition of school certificates for grades 9 or 11.

Who is it suitable for?

Working professions are more suitable for people who have a tendency to do certain jobs with their hands. Those who prefer mental or creative work without physical activity become employees. In general, the following personal qualities are required from employees in the service:

• high qualifications in their field of activity;
• knowledge of legislation and industry

  
  by-laws;

• responsibility;
• Analytical mind;
• a penchant for innovation and innovation;
• general erudition;
• the ability to make correct and timely decisions.

Since many employees perform managerial functions, they will benefit from organizational skills, knowledge of labor legislation, labor protection and fire safety standards.

Main characteristics of personnel

Before qualification, you need to understand who exactly belongs to the personnel. Personnel are characterized by these characteristics:

• Involvement in labor relations. The latter must be documented. In particular, an employment agreement must be drawn up.
• Characteristics on the basis of which activities are carried out. For example, this could be qualifications, specialty, education, experience.
• Having a goal for the activity. The goals of the specialist’s work must be correlated with the goals of the enterprise.

Personnel management is distinguished by such features as:

• Integration into the overall management structure.
• Compliance with the existing corporate culture.
• Availability of job planning and employee training.
• Taking into account professional qualities and assessing the performance of employees.
• Centralization of management processes.

Employees who are not registered at the enterprise in any way will not be considered personnel.

Violation of labor legislation consists of actions or inaction of officials of the organization that violate the norms of the Labor Code and other regulations, which resulted in a violation of the rights of workers. In case of violations of labor legislation, all types of liability apply: disciplinary, material, civil, administrative and criminal. View characteristics of types of liability

How much do they get

Salary depends on the region, organization, position, qualifications and length of service. For example, in the same bank, the wages of employees may differ several times (the lowest paid is a security guard, at the opposite pole is the head of a department, director). In the civil service, senior officials are paid more than in many sectors of the economy.

A dozen years ago, employees generally received more than workers, but now the situation is beginning to change. Highly skilled workers are in short supply, so employers are willing to pay a welder, excavator operator, turner or industrial climber much more than an ordinary office employee. In addition, workers often work on a rotational basis in remote regions, where special “northern” allowances are used when calculating wages.

Prospects for white-collar professions

In the rapidly changing modern world, professions constantly appear and disappear. A person who is thinking about his future needs to look for a specialty that will be relevant in the labor market for a long time (teacher, builder or pharmacist, for example).

One of the modern trends is professions at the intersection of seemingly incompatible things - a kind of humanitarian technologists or technologically advanced humanists. These new specialties include:

• systems biotechnologist – a specialist in replacing morally and technically outdated solutions in various industries with new biotechnological products. For example, it will help transport companies switch to working on biofuel instead of diesel fuel, and construction companies to replace concrete and cement with innovative biomaterials;
• a medical equipment architect is a specialist in both the fields of engineering and computer graphics, electronics, materials science, who has developed spatial thinking, understands human anatomy and physiology, the biocompatibility of materials and devices, and is also an expert in medical and technical safety;
• A cross-logistics operator is a professional whose responsibilities include developing the optimal way to transport people and deliver goods by different modes of transport. Also, one of its tasks is to redistribute the load on transport networks;
• An IT preacher is a specialist who has nothing to do with religion. His task is to communicate with potential end users of IT products and promote new digital solutions among those who are conservative and skeptical about advanced technologies.

Therefore, if you have the appropriate abilities, it is worth getting a higher education in several profiles - new professions are still just being formed, but in the coming years there will be an urgent need for cross-functional specialists capable of working in the positions of employees of the “new generation”, and office plankton moving papers from place to place in place, will go to scrap (or for retraining).

Author: Alexey Kuznetsov

Who belongs to them in Russia

Today, a civil servant is an employee working in federal or regional authorities.
The entire civil service is divided into two types: civil and military. Officials are paid salaries from the local or federal budget, military personnel - from the budget of the Ministry of Defense. Basically, citizens work in the following places:

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• law enforcement agencies;
• state-owned companies;
• local governments;
• various federal departments;
• Administration of the President;
• Council of the Federation;
• Government;
• The State Duma.

Positions for them are created on the basis of federal legislation, presidential decrees or acts of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Civil service structure