- Government. The Government of the Russian Federation, as well as all ministries subordinate to it, are representatives of the executive branch of government in Russia and are fully considered civil servants.
- Prosecutor's office. The prosecutor's office in Russia is a federal authority that is fully classified as a public service.
- Law enforcement agencies and other paramilitary agencies . Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the bailiff service, the execution of punishments, the FSB - all are civil servants.
- Military personnel. As mentioned earlier, all military personnel in the Russian Federation are government employees.
It should be noted that the above is not all civil servants without exception, but only examples of the most common positions and areas of public service. To determine whether some work is considered public service, you can simply look at the name of the body - if it contains the words “federal service” in various combinations, then it employs civil servants.
Who are the employees?
To put the definition briefly and succinctly, employees are a category of workers whose work is based on labor without the use of physical force. People in such professions are also called knowledge workers.
The office staff, of course, also get tired, but from non-physical efforts.
Employees do not have to be strong and muscular; as a rule, both men and women can lift weights and work in such professions.
A separate social category of employees are people who are involved in the ranks of the armed forces. Their activities are associated with physical labor and discipline, but still it is more correct to call them military personnel, which already refers to a different specificity and does not fall under the general definition.
Classification of enterprise personnel
Personnel are divided into categories depending on specific characteristics. Let's look at them in more detail:
- Property relations. There are owners (founders) of a legal entity. They own a share of the enterprise and profit from its activities. There are also hired employees.
- Degree of involvement in production activities. Production personnel are involved in activities directly, non-production personnel - indirectly.
- Place of main service. Employees may or may not be on the staff of the enterprise.
Read more: Public services registration of transfer of ownership
Some employees differ from others in the specifics of their activities and the characteristics of their labor relationships with enterprises.
What professions are classified as white-collar workers?
Employees are professions that we encounter every day and everywhere. So this is not at all about military service or security and law enforcement agencies. Many of the workers themselves are classified as employees, but they either don’t know about it or prefer to call themselves something else.
There are examples of employees in schools, enterprises, industry, transport, medicine, and, perhaps, in any industry you can find an employee who belongs to this category.
What positions are classified as employees in the company?
Previously, these included workers who did not have a higher education, whose responsibilities included literally serving the organization or the population.
Today, the classification is not so categorical and employees include purchasing agents, forwarders, and secretaries. Cashiers, dispatchers, and assistant managers, as a rule, are also classified as employees.
So the employee staff of the organization is a whole galaxy of workers who keep the business afloat. Being such an employee is not at all shameful, and sometimes even prestigious.
Workers Information Society
In the early 1980s. The main working class is being divided into workers in promising and unpromising industries. Mining and ferrous metallurgy are considered unpromising industries.
The technical re-equipment of production meant that many workers were displaced by robots and automatic machines, and there was a reduction in the number of unskilled and semi-skilled workers.
In contrast to this, the number of scientific, technical and engineering personnel will increase, which over time will find itself on the social line between the working class and the owners.
And most of the workers who were forced to leave the production sector due to post-industrial modernization became office workers and service sector workers.
What categories are employees?
There are different categories of personnel in the labor market: managers, specialists, employees and workers. Each has its own functions and areas of responsibility. From the point of view of the official definition, the employee categories include workers whose work is non-physical, and whose field of activity is related to industry, trade and services. But not everything is so simple. It is often possible to be a representative of 2 categories at once.
Who are the other employees?
Each enterprise is obliged to keep records of its employees, drawing up an appropriate statement. And, of course, in the structure of the organization, each employee belongs to one category or another. Someone is a manager, someone is assigned the status of a specialist, and someone is an employee with the prefix “others”. Who are the other employees and who belongs to them?
There is no clear rule, so this can be any employee whose work is related to documentation, work with information, control and accounting. There are a lot of such professions and it is hardly possible to list them all.
As vivid examples: a clerk who works with documents and carries out the organization’s paperwork is an employee and a store merchandiser, most likely, too, but the administrator of the same store may already be “another employee.”
And one can also include in the category of employees, for example, a storekeeper working in a warehouse, but at the same time, the shift supervisor, who also supervises the work of the storekeeper, can already be designated as a worker or that very other employee. The exact answer to the question can always be found in the all-Russian classifier of professions, but often this decision remains with the employer.
Who are managers: specialists, employees or workers?
It is customary to separate managers from any other category of employees, since they have a higher status and a higher area of responsibility. Therefore, in the official structure of the organization, he will always be at the highest level and will never fall into the category of specialists, employees or workers.
But in fact, managers can also be employees, since they also work with information, control the activities of the enterprise, sign and draw up documentation, and keep track of financial indicators. So, even if in the official documents of the organization the boss is always the leader, but in fact, even here there are exceptions.
What can a sales manager be responsible for?
There are not only direct job responsibilities, obligations and norms according to the job description of a sales manager, but also boundaries of responsibility. An employee of the corresponding category is responsible:
- For the quality of work performed at the enterprise;
- For failure to fulfill direct duties according to their competence;
- For violation of the general work process;
- For making decisions that are beyond his competence;
- For violation of the work schedule;
- For failure to comply with labor discipline and offensive behavior;
- For disclosing secrets.
This list is usually announced immediately upon application for a given vacancy.
Consequences of disclosure of trade secrets by a sales manager
The job responsibilities of the sales manager category include non-disclosure of company secrets. It could be:
- General composition of clients;
- New projects and developments of company employees;
- Maintaining the general charter of the enterprise;
- The conditions under which the organization operates;
- The secret of production;
- Secrecy of purchase.
For failure to maintain official data, an employee faces disciplinary liability, which includes either a reprimand from the company’s management or dismissal under the appropriate category of the article.
Who are the specialists?
Specialist is perhaps the most common qualification in Russia. What is this category and who can proudly call themselves this status? There are several points of view.
Officially, specialists mean those people who have received higher education and qualifications. So, if you have a university diploma, you are probably a specialist. In fact, it doesn’t even matter whether you have a job, it’s important that you have a university diploma.
But in real life, of course, what matters more is who and how long a person works. Therefore, almost all workers who fall under the category of workers are specialists.
Often, there are also their own classifications: junior, senior, leading specialist - very developed in offices and enterprises. There are also categories of specialists in medicine - middle or highest medical categories, in education and in many other areas. Even lawyers can be specialists in civil or criminal cases and rarely understand everything at once.
If you prefer the official definition, a university diploma makes you a specialist. But, frankly speaking, if a person is a professional in his field, has good experience and experience, and understands some area at a high level, then he definitely belongs to the specialists. And this is regardless of educational documents.
Categories of managers
Production managers are divided into these categories:
- Linear. These managers make decisions affecting all functional areas of activity. Examples: general director, technical service manager, workshop manager.
- Nonlinear. These are functional managers who perform specific management functions. Examples: financial director, manager responsible for personnel.
Managers are divided by management levels:
- Grassroots level. For example, master.
- Middle level. Heads of department and workshop.
- Senior management. Director or his deputy.
Lower-level managers manage small departments, middle-level managers manage large departments, and senior managers manage the enterprise as a whole.
What is the difference between an employee and a specialist?
A person can be both a specialist and an employee at the same time, so there are no clear and transparent differences.
Usually, if you work for yourself, provide some services to customers on a freelance basis, that is, act as an individual entrepreneur, then you are more of a specialist and cannot be called an employee.
At the same time, if you work as an economist at an enterprise and, according to your diploma, are a specialist with a higher education, in the structure of the organization you most likely belong to the category of employees.
The same thing happens among municipal and state employees. For example, an employee of the bailiff service can simultaneously be both a civil servant and a specialist.
If you work in government or military service and want to emphasize this, you can use the term “employee” - “I am a government employee.” In all other cases, it is better to call yourself a manager or specialist. Better yet, immediately designate your profession without using anything else - “I am a specialist in the department of economics and finance” - “I am an economist.”
Main characteristics of personnel
Before qualification, you need to understand who exactly belongs to the personnel. Personnel are characterized by these characteristics:
- Involvement in labor relations. The latter must be documented. In particular, an employment agreement must be drawn up.
- Characteristics on the basis of which activities are carried out. For example, this could be qualifications, specialty, education, experience.
- Having a goal for the activity. The goals of the specialist’s work must be correlated with the goals of the enterprise.
Personnel management is distinguished by such features as:
- Integration into the overall management structure.
- Compliance with the existing corporate culture.
- Availability of job planning and employee training.
- Taking into account professional qualities and assessing the performance of employees.
- Centralization of management processes.
Employees who are not registered at the enterprise in any way will not be considered personnel.
Who belongs to the category of workers?
The category of workers includes persons whose work involves primarily physical effort. These are, for example, hired workers without education or qualifications: loaders, cleaners, miners. This category also includes skilled workers: welders, turners, carpenters, industrial climbers, disinfectors.
Workers can be involved in technological processes and participate in the creation of products and services - work in production and workshops, warehouses, printing houses, etc. They can carry out auxiliary work - construction, repair, loading. They can also be involved as junior staff - for cleaning, delivery, transportation. In any case, everyone who is classified as a worker is an employee.
For working qualifications you do not need to study or the process of obtaining a profession takes a minimum of time. For example, to become a walking courier or a cleaner, it is enough to have the desire and time to work. And to become a welder or industrial climber, it is enough to take short-term courses.
Main categories of personnel
Personnel is a collection of employees of various specializations included in the staff. It is divided into two main categories: production and non-production. Production personnel engage in labor, the result of which is expressed in material form. For example, these could be people working on the creation of cars or the construction of buildings. Let's consider the components of the first category:
- Workers. Their activities are mainly physical in nature. These employees specialize in producing goods or servicing production. For example, these could be builders, cooks. Workers are further divided into two categories. These are the main personnel employed in the main production workshops. These are also support staff. Its representatives work in procurement or service shops.
- Employees. Their activity is mainly mental in nature. The result of their work is the identification of management problems, the formation of new information flows, and the adoption of various decisions in the field of management. An example of this category could be accountants, lawyers, and managers. Employees are further divided into three categories. These are the managers of the enterprise itself or its divisions. This group also includes deputy managers. These are specialists: engineers, economists, accountants. The third group is the employees themselves (junior technical staff, accountants and clerks).
The second category is non-production personnel. It refers to employees employed on non-industrial farms. That is, the result of their work is not the creation of something material. Examples of non-production personnel are workers in housing and communal services, canteens, and clinics.
Difference between worker and employee
Perhaps the most important thing that distinguishes an employee from a worker is what type of work he performs: physical or intellectual. If physical labor predominates in an employee’s activity, he is highly likely to be classified as a worker. If he has to make more efforts not of a physical, but of an intellectual nature, he is most likely an employee. At the same time, it is important to distinguish, for example, military personnel, whose work may be physical, from simply employees.
There is also a difference between a worker and an employee in the education received. To be called an employee, as a rule, you need at least secondary vocational education, but for the status of a worker this may not be important at all, or it will be enough to take short-term training courses.
Previously, the difference between employees and workers was also in the level of income. The income of the former was higher. Today, workers often earn even more than top managers and certainly not less than employees.
"Middle class"
In the 1950s, small entrepreneurs, village and city owners considered themselves to be “middle class”. Belonging to this class was determined not by the source of income or the attitude towards ownership of the means of production, but directly by its level.
This must be a level that has a certain income, which is above the subsistence level. Gradually, the income level of a significant part of the population becomes high, and the level of education becomes the same. This means that demands for the quality of life and its components become approximately the same.
This contributes to active social development. The “middle class” becomes the basis of society and its support. This is due to the fact that the “middle class” does not want civil wars, social upheavals and constant political crises.
People belonging to this class will not accept radical ideas and are focused on constant stability, both in their lives and in the life of the state. Also, the formation of the “middle class” led to the disappearance of individual social communities.
Now groups are emerging, united on the basis of common religious, cultural, sexual and specific interests. The modern labor process leaves more time and energy for the individual for self-development, and due to this, new interests and more extensive social connections appear.
