An orphan is a child whose one or both parents have died, gone missing, abandoned or abandoned him. The remaining family members can raise the orphan, and in their absence, the orphan is placed in an orphanage or in a foster family. An orphan is also usually called a person who has no support and help from family and friends and is abandoned by them.
If a person loses his parents in adulthood, then such a person can no longer be called an orphan. Conversely, parents who have lost a child are called orphan parents.
In recent years, the number of social orphans has been growing for various socio-economic reasons. In this regard, the issue of orphans and the process of their upbringing, as well as psychological and pedagogical support, is relevant in psychology, pedagogy (general, social and special), sociology and other sciences.
Types of orphanhood
Today there are no established definitions and judgments regarding this category of children. terms are used in the media, psychological and educational work, and in social surveys :
- street children;
- social orphans;
- minors at risk;
- complete orphan (two deceased parents);
- half-orphan (one deceased parent), etc.
The reasons why children may end up in an orphanage (in addition to parental abandonment of children) may be wars, disasters, accidents, terrorist attacks, epidemics, etc.
UNICEF and numerous international organizations (eg UNAIDS) redefined orphans in the mid-1990s when the AIDS pandemic led to the deaths of millions of parents worldwide. Then more and more children grew up without one or more parents.
After this, the terms “half orphan” or “single orphan” - the loss of one parent, as well as “full orphan” or “double orphan” - the loss of both parents were introduced. Since then, UNICEF and global partners have defined an orphan as a child under 18 years of age who has lost one or both parents due to death.
This definition contrasts with the concept of orphans in some industrialized countries, in which a child must lose both parents to be considered an orphan.
Benefits for orphans and children without parental care
By law, such children are entitled to a pension benefit until they turn 18 years old. A labor pension is provided if the child’s parents have had a certain work experience, and a social pension is provided in all other situations and is paid in the form of a fixed amount. These payments are considered as child support.
- Passport of the person performing the functions of the legal representative of a minor citizen.
- Certificate of birth of a child.
- Bank details for transferring cash payments.
- A document that allows you to officially consider a child an orphan.
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Such disorders are caused by a lack of communication and lack of physical stimulation at an early age. Since the root of the problem is the lack of full communication with the mother and proper care, manifestations of disorders occur in social orphans of preschool age of any group.
At primary school age, promiscuity in communication is added to the manifestations of reactive attachment disorders. Children do not differentiate between friends and strangers, “bad” and “good”, so they easily communicate even with socially disadvantaged people. During this period, school disadaptation is added to social disadaptation, which is expressed by learning and behavioral disorders. Due to the lack of family ties, difficulties arise with self-identification. Here, seized children are in a more advantageous position in relation to “refuseniks”, since they have memories of blood relatives.
Social orphans
A social orphan is a child who has a parent or parents who abandoned him or were deprived of parental rights. This is a child who is not cared for by either parents or relatives.
Social orphans lose their parents as a result of various social, economic, moral and psychological reasons and become orphans with biological parents who are still alive.
Today social orphans make up 80% of orphans. Only the remaining percentage are orphans who have no living parents.
UNICEF classifies the following groups as social orphans:
- children who have lost contact with their families and are living in shelters;
- children who maintain contact with their families and live on the streets day and night due to poverty, exploitation and abuse at home;
- children who grew up in families, abandoned them for many reasons and live on the streets.
A sharp increase in the number of social orphans is observed in many countries. Without protection, social orphans are exposed to violence, sexual exploitation and HIV infection.
The number of orphans in the world is much higher in underdeveloped countries and countries at war than in developed countries.
Parents leave their children in an orphanage out of need or hopelessness.
Law and social orphanhood
Unfortunately, the legislation does not cover the concept of orphanhood. The current regulations contain lists of criteria by which a child is considered an orphan. The main criteria are being a minor and having no parents. Other children under 18 years of age whose parents are declared missing or incompetent or deprived of their rights are classified by the law as persons left without parental care. The corresponding provisions are enshrined in 159-FZ. Meanwhile, the status of both children is essentially the same.
AIDS orphan
An AIDS orphan is a child who has become an orphan after the death of one or both parents from HIV or AIDS.
Every year, about 70,000 children are orphaned by AIDS. In 2004, the number of AIDS orphans worldwide rose to 15 million. Globally, the majority of AIDS orphans live in Asia, although the number of known cases has been declining since 1990. Asian countries are followed by Africa and Latin America (even in countries where they are now successfully fighting immunodeficiency).
Many more children and adolescents are living with sick or dying parents, according to the United Nations report Children at the Edge, presented at the World AIDS Conference in Bangkok. They are more susceptible to contracting the AIDS virus."
Payments to orphans
Current legislation provides for several types of benefits for minors left without parental care. Among the main ones:
- Survivor's pensions. When calculating them, the parent’s work experience is taken into account.
- Alimony. They are appointed by the court in cases where the parents are alive but have been deprived of their rights in relation to the child.
- Compensation payments for the purchase of essential items: clothing, household items, shoes, etc.
- Annual allowance for the purchase of school supplies.
- Increased scholarships.
- Regional payments. Their types and sizes are established by the authorities of the relevant constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Statistics on the number of orphans in the world
140 million orphans worldwide in 2015 (according to UNICEF), including:
- 61 million in Asia;
- 52 million in Africa;
- 10 million in Latin America;
- 7.3 million in Europe.
Children who lost both parents and children whose one parent was still alive were taken into account. Of the nearly 140 million orphans, approximately 15.1 million children have lost both parents. 95% of all orphans are over five years old.
There is no reliable data on the total number of orphans in the world. As a rough guide, UNICEF lists 163 million children as orphans.
In Russia, the number of orphans registered by the Ministry of Education has decreased from 115,600 in 2008 to 47,800 in 2021.
Golikova told how many orphans live in Russia
On November 13, a plenary session and meeting of the VII All-Russian Congress of heads of organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, and heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation managing the field of guardianship and trusteeship of minor citizens were held at the Government House of the Moscow Region. The event was attended by Deputy Minister of Education of the Russian Federation T.Yu. Sinyugin, members of the Government of the Moscow Region.
On April 24-25, a district meeting will be held in Tomsk on issues of improving the activities of organizations for orphans and children without parental care. The event is organized by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and will be attended by more than 200 heads of organizations for orphans in the Siberian Federal District.
On March 20-21, a district meeting of heads of organizations for orphans and children left without parental care and heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the Northwestern Federal District was held in Arkhangelsk.
On March 5–6, a district meeting of heads of organizations for orphans and children left without parental care (organizations for orphans) and heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the Far Eastern Federal District was held in Khabarovsk.
Physical and mental consequences of orphanhood
Orphanhood has profound negative consequences both physically and mentally:
- the general mental state of children who have lost their parents and are in boarding schools is reduced;
- self-regulation is impaired;
- there is a chronically depressed mood;
- the vast majority of children lose the will to live, their self-confidence falls, they begin to be afraid of everything;
- emotional and cognitive aspirations decrease and intellectual development slows down;
- Aggression, anxiety, and personality disorders in an orphan child are often observed.
Most orphans are brought up in boarding schools of educational and social protection agencies. After leaving the orphanage, the orphan cannot solve the various problems that he has to face every day without the help of adults.
Among graduates of orphanages there are many more criminals and victims of crime, they are more likely to lose their jobs and their homes, they are more likely to become addicted to drugs or alcohol, they are much less likely to start a family, and suicide is also more common among orphans.
The share of orphans is widely and seriously described in folk proverbs and sayings (“when an orphan eats, everyone sees, but when he cries, no one sees”; “whoever takes pity on an orphan, God will warm him,” “living in an orphan means shedding tears”) . This indicates a particularly reverent and sympathetic attitude towards orphans among the people.
Social orphanhood
In the scientific literature, this term is used to refer to the life of minors left without parental care with living parents. This situation is possible if parents:
- They were deprived of their rights to the child by the court.
- The child was abandoned at birth.
- Recognized by the court as missing or incompetent.
- Without good reason, they do not fulfill their duties to the child.
Of course, these are not all the circumstances of the emergence of social orphanhood. This phenomenon is also caused by a decline in morality, the spread of drug addiction and alcoholism, the lack of proper government support, etc.
The group of social orphans also includes the so-called hidden orphans. Such children are not formally deprived of parental care, but receive it due to the indifference and disinterest of the adults living with them.
Social orphanhood and neglect are closely related phenomena. Lack of proper care leads to family conflicts and antisocial behavior of minors. In Russia, social orphanhood is on a larger scale than biological orphanhood. It is common among 85% of minors. It is precisely because of such a huge scale that the state is faced with the task of identifying and eliminating the causes of social orphanhood.
Psychosocial consequences of orphanhood
The psychosocial consequences that a child experiences as a result of growing up without a parent are assessed differently and are also highly dependent on other factors. The specific effect of fatherlessness or motherhood depends on the general psychological stability of the child and the broader environment of fixed support persons.
The personality of the raising parent also plays a central role. Fatherlessness or motherhood is seen as a problem in the development of gender identity.
Orphans in institutions (foundling homes, orphanages, nursing homes) suffer from the consequences of hospitalization and psychological deprivation.
A 2011 study in France examined the school, social, occupational and emotional status of 500,000 orphans under the age of 21. The study showed how many orphans actually suffer from trauma and socio-psychological disorders :
- years later, only 50% of them could easily talk about what happened;
- 18% could not find the words;
- 76% said the loss of one or both parents resulted in disruption to family relationships;
- 63% said it had a negative impact on their emotional life;
- 52% noted difficulties in education and career.
Orphans are less likely to make contact with their adopted brothers, withdraw, or switch to psychological defense mode.
If one parent dies, the child's risk of suicide increases significantly. This is confirmed by a study by Danish researcher May-Britt Guldin. In total, data from 7.3 million people from Denmark, Sweden and Finland were included. Children and young people who lost their parents before reaching the age of 18 were taken into account. The control group was used for comparison with children whose parents had not yet died.
Researchers have found that losing a parent during childhood increases a child's risk of committing suicide. This effect lasted up to 25 years after the death of the parent.
Another observation was that boys were twice as likely to commit suicide as girls. Those most often affected were boys whose mothers committed suicide and first-born children whose parent died before the age of six.
Early Intervention
It involves supporting families in which there is a potential social risk. We are talking about low-income families in which one or both parents are unemployed, adults practice child abuse, etc. Guardianship and guardianship authorities work quite closely with them, implementing measures to prevent family troubles and social orphanhood.
The activities of social workers include individual counseling of parents, visiting families at home for conversations, involving psychologists, teachers, doctors, conducting educational and educational trainings, etc.
If the above measures do not have a positive effect, and minors do not receive the necessary support, guardianship and guardianship authorities raise the issue of removing children from dysfunctional families and transferring them to a specialized institution or foster family.
The results of the activities of social workers are recorded in the report. This information is used to determine positive dynamics and take into account the effect of the applied techniques in the future.
Consequences of orphanhood in education
Statistically, anyone who loses their mother or father is less likely to obtain higher education or skilled training . This is evidenced by a study by the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin.
Even if only one parent dies, it has far-reaching consequences for the children. In addition to grieving the loss, children have to cope with the fact that they may have less support for their learning (in terms of emotional and cognitive, social and financial aspects).
At the Institute of Human Development. Max Planck studied the educational achievements of half-orphans born between 1950 and 1978. They were compared with the educational achievements of people who were able to grow up in two-parent families until they reached adulthood.
Children who lost their parents before the age of ten were less likely to graduate from high school than children who were orphaned a few years later. In both groups (orphans before and after 10 years of age), the percentage of high school completion was significantly lower compared to children from intact families.
If a parent died after ten years, then most children remained in secondary school, despite special stresses and strains. The early death of a parent reduces a child's chances of graduating from high school by nearly two-thirds. This means that if ten children graduate from high school in a comparable social group of children from intact families, then in the same large group of orphans only three or four children remain.
A halo of misfortune clings to orphans, which is why many people feel deep compassion for orphaned and abandoned children and a desire to do something for them. Social perceptions and stereotypes that orphans will not go anywhere and will not cope with their lives, however, have a detrimental effect on the overall social responsibility for them.
Lack of attention, insufficient care, ignorance and discrimination can dramatically increase the trauma of orphans and ultimately lead them to failure. Currently, it is necessary to pay attention to the upbringing of orphans from the point of view of national education and their personal development.
There is a peculiarity of the social development of an individual child in an orphanage . His actions are completely disciplined, which leads to developmental delays, obesity, and a low level of personal organization. At the same time, in the scientific and pedagogical literature on socialization, the levels and factors of socialization, as well as the concepts of “socialization” and “adaptation” are distinguished.
Patronage
The possibility of using this form of placement in a family is provided for, in accordance with the provisions of Article 14 of Article 48-FZ, in each subject of the Russian Federation by regional regulations. Currently, patronage exists in almost all regions.
This form of placement involves the transfer of a minor to a family for upbringing on the basis of a social contract concluded by the guardianship and guardianship authorities with the applicant. By the way, this can be either a third party or a biological parent.
As with ordinary guardianship, no official family relationship is established between the minor and his caregivers. Often, with foster care, a child maintains contact with biological parents. At the same time, the rights to receive benefits and payments guaranteed to a minor as an orphan are preserved. The teacher, in turn, receives a remuneration, the amount of which is determined by regional regulations.
Socialization of orphans
Awakening a child’s desire to socialize and enjoy life depends on the environment: parents, educators, peers and their daily activities. The family is a social institution designed to reproduce generations in which the needs of children are met, primary socialization and their comprehensive preparation for life take place.
It is very important for the state that every child deprived of parental care is raised in a family. The reason is that then the children will definitely repeat the life of their parents and in the future they will also become parents.
Socialization is a natural process of a child’s personal development. The main task of any orphanage or boarding school for orphans is the socialization of children, their integration into modern society, the active participation of the child in the process of upbringing and education, and the formation of spiritual and moral values.
A theoretical and practical description of the problem of socialization of orphans, based on research and experience of foreign and domestic scientists, will help solve such an urgent problem of modern pedagogy.
When analyzing a lot of theoretical data, we can identify several areas of work in the system of helping orphans in the current situation:
- social;
- medical;
- psychological;
- organizational;
- educational.
Adaptation of schoolchildren to the social environment does not correspond to the social status of the child. From a medical point of view, this type of child is hereditary and irritable. All this, in turn, interferes with their socialization and reduces its effectiveness. This means that children are not prepared for real life.
In preparing them for social life, adults should accompany them. This is done primarily by social educators, psychologists, educators and ordinary teachers. Their task is to provide social and pedagogical assistance to orphans, teach them life skills, and accompany them even in the first years of adulthood.
Accompanying orphans depends on the individual characteristics of the child. A pressing issue is the creation and pedagogical systematization of methods aimed at the personal socialization of orphans, a clear methodological approach.
Children in orphanages live in a closed system of social relations within limited relationships. The socializing effect of the family and the education system is minimized, and the circle of communication with friends and peers is narrowed.
Society excludes the child from the system of social institutions, and the child distances himself from cultural values and laws. In conditions of social isolation, it is difficult to convey sociocultural experience to a child. This experience remains an irreplaceable deficit even in adulthood.
The adoption procedure remains positive and encouraging . Time and time again, the adoption of orphans by various world celebrities causes a sensation. Adoption procedures for orphans are currently regulated differently in individual countries or can sometimes be applied arbitrarily.
Secondary orphanhood
This phenomenon is talked about in the case when a minor, who for some reason has lost his parents or does not receive the necessary upbringing from them, settles into a foster family, but does not feel comfortable there either. The causes of secondary social orphanhood are:
- Insufficient level of psychological and pedagogical readiness of adoptive parents.
- Inconsistency between the interests of the child and adults.
- Lack of mutual sympathy and non-verbal contact.
- Manifestation of hereditary or other diseases.
- Selfish motives for adoption (establishment of guardianship).
All these factors arise due to insufficient attention of the state and society to the issues of preventing social orphanhood and family conflicts. To solve existing problems, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of the structures involved in the selection, preparation, control and support of adoptive families.
Main factors of socialization of orphans
Lack of family experience factor
A child’s relationship with adults in accordance with his age is a key condition for his full mental development. These relationships are based on a system of personal relationships that develop in the first months of life.
The lack of experience in family socialization hinders the personal and mental development of the child due to the frustration of accumulated needs (psychological reaction) arising from living conditions in educational institutions.
Socialization factor in an orphanage
This is one of the main causes of social disorders in adolescents raised in boarding schools. Due to the characteristics of orphanages, free and broad interaction of orphans with the social environment is limited.
As a result, children from orphanages have not yet formed as subjects of social activity. Their relationships with adults and peers are characterized by a lack of constructiveness and an inability to combine their views with the opinions of others. Their consciousness often plays a protective role in the communication process.
Limited communication factor
Since communication is a mechanism of social and personal development during adolescence, its breakdown is also a factor in the recurrence of difficulties. Orphans are characterized by mental retardation, emotional and voluntary disorders.
Orphans have the most opportunities to interact with their peers, which is not the basis for constructive relationships. Forced communication with “everyone” in everyday life reduces the chances of forming equal, stable relationships.
Emotionally positive, emotionally unpleasant relationships often develop as excessive. Teenage orphans are angry and grumpy. Complex and contradictory conflicts often arise between them.
Prerequisites for the emergence
Social orphanhood of children became widespread during the collapse of the institution of a strong family. Joint housekeeping by representatives of different generations and the involvement of older children in caring for younger ones eliminated the risk of leaving minors without care in the event of the loss of their parents. In this context, the scientific literature identifies two key reasons for social orphanhood: the crisis of the family institution as a whole and problems directly in Russian families.
The first factor is typical for most Western countries. Its manifestations are very multifaceted and are expressed in:
- Increasing average age of persons registering marriage.
- Decrease in birth rate.
- Aging population.
- An increase in the number of so-called civil marriages.
- Increasing number of divorces.
- The spread of same-sex relationships.
- Increasing number of illegitimate children.
The second reason is very specific and common in Russian families. Social orphanhood and homelessness of children is caused by:
- Difficult economic situation. Many families with children are experiencing financial difficulties.
- Cruel treatment of minors. Family cruelty is one of the main reasons why parents are deprived of their rights.
- Lack of effective government programs. Social orphanhood occurs in the absence of state support for families in difficult life situations.
- The spread of drug addiction, alcoholism and other bad habits.
- The unpreparedness of many adults to raise children, the pedagogical failure of workers in preschool and school institutions.
- Excessive busyness of adults, interfering with normal communication and raising a child.
These and other factors together cause negative deviations in the behavior of parents. They are expressed in indifference to the condition and fate of the child, addiction to bad habits, antisocial actions, and refusal to fulfill their parental responsibilities. It is these parents who, as a rule, are deprived of their rights to the child, making him a social orphan.
Rights and responsibilities of the child and adoptive parent during adoption
The basic rights and responsibilities of a foster parent include:
- the adoptive parent is obliged to raise the child, take care of his health, physical, mental, moral and spiritual development;
- the adoptive parent has the right to independently raise the child, taking into account the child’s opinion and the instructions of the authorized guardianship and trusteeship authorities (of course, if this is contrary to the law);
- The adoptive parent, taking into account the views of the child, has the right to choose an educational institution and is obliged to provide compulsory secondary education for the child;
- foreign adoptive parents report to the country's diplomatic missions and consular offices about the health status of the adopted child.
Article About the State of Orphanhood in Russia for 2021 2021
Guardianship and guardianship are applied to relatives who are ready to take on the upbringing of orphans. Guardians acquire parental rights and become administrators of the wards' property. Their responsibilities are to protect the life and health of orphans and ensure their safety.
When citizens aged 14–18 years apply to the employment service, their professional suitability is initially determined and employment options are considered. Unemployment benefits are paid to minors for six months in the amount of average earnings.
When I worked in Finland, I saw what mechanisms were there. The child does not live somewhere separately, he is in the immediate environment of a family in a difficult life situation. Nobody is putting him anywhere. He is either staying with a family of relatives or in a social hotel, and every Saturday experts gather for a conference where they discuss how to help this family.
As for the figures announced regarding disabled children, I can say the following. Indeed, disabled children are being taken into families much more often than before, as support measures for foster parents have been improved. But these measures are still not enough.
The VIII All-Russian Congress of heads of organizations for orphans and children left without parental care was held at the Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University. The congress brought together delegates from all regions of Russia, heads of relevant federal and regional structures.
State policy in the field of ensuring the quality of life of orphans and children left without parental care was discussed at the Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University. The All-Russian meeting with the heads of guardianship and trusteeship authorities for minors was attended by State Secretary - Deputy Minister of Education of Russia Andrei Korneev and Director of the Department of State Policy in the Sphere of Protection of Children's Rights of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Larisa Falkovskaya.
On October 27 and 28, the Ministry of Education is holding two large-scale events online, united by a common theme - the annual All-Russian meeting of heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that manage the field of guardianship and trusteeship of minor citizens, and the VIII All-Russian Congress of heads of organizations for orphans and children left without parental care.
Notes[ | ]
- Orphanhood as a social problem (undefined)
. Ministry of Education of the Orenburg Region. Access date: May 17, 2021. - Krylov's etymological dictionary (undefined)
. Dictionaries and encyclopedias. Access date: June 20, 2021. - Ancient Novgorod is getting closer. Lecture by Academician A. A. Zaliznyak on birch bark documents - 2021 (unspecified)
. Trinity version (01-11-2016). Date accessed: June 20, 2019. - Ugriumova, 2013, p. 833-836.
- ↑ 123
Boyenkina, 2013. - Liliya Ovcharova.
Orphanhood in Russia: how to deal with Stalin's legacy
(undefined)
. Forbes. Date accessed: May 2, 2021. - Anastasia Egorova.
Our children
(undefined)
. New Vedomosti (November 14, 2017). Date accessed: May 2, 2019. - Irina Levina, 2009.
- The Need Help Foundation analyzed the scale of orphanhood in Russia (unspecified)
. Such things (November 12, 2018). Access date: May 17, 2021. - Crime among orphans is growing in Russia (unspecified)
. News. Date accessed: June 21, 2021. - Bolotnikov, 2009.
- ↑ 1 2 Igor Antonov.
Social orphanhood in Russia: types, causes, prevention of the problem
(undefined)
. Zakon7ya. Date accessed: May 2, 2021. - 14 children return to orphanages every day from foster families (unspecified)
. Mercy.ru (September 20, 2018). Date accessed: June 26, 2019. - ↑ 12
Andreeva, 2021, p. 49-56. - ↑ 123
Goncharova, 2012, p. 290-293. - Tamara Lyalenkova.
Unnecessary people
(undefined)
. Radio Liberty (June 11, 2017). Date accessed: May 2, 2021. - Levina, 2013, p. 3-25.
- ↑ 12345
Orphanhood in Russia, 2011, p. 38-44. - Forms of family structure (undefined)
. The children are waiting. Date accessed: September 27, 2021. - Article 38 (undefined)
. Constitution and laws. Access date: June 18, 2021. - Federal Law “On Guardianship and Trusteeship” dated April 24, 2008 N 48-FZ (latest edition) (unspecified)
. Consultant Plus. Access date: June 18, 2021. - “Family sex of the Russian Federation” dated December 29, 1995 (unspecified)
. Consultant Plus. Access date: June 18, 2021. - Review of legislation in the field of protection of the rights of orphans (unspecified)
. Office of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Krasnodar Territory. Access date: June 19, 2021. - Civil ex of the Russian Federation (undefined)
. Consultant Plus. Access date: June 19, 2021. - Ninel Karaseva, Anna Chuprakova.
Social orphanhood in Russia: trends and facts
(unspecified)
. Help now (January 17, 2019). Date accessed: May 17, 2019. - The number of orphans in Russia has decreased by 46% (unspecified)
. Regnum. Access date: May 17, 2021. - The number of orphans in Russia has dropped to a record low
. Izvestia (September 5, 2018). Access date: May 17, 2021. - The number of orphans in Russia is declining (unspecified)
. National News Service (1 February 2019). Access date: May 17, 2021. - Radoslav Rudnev.
“The Law of Dima Yakovlev”: six years later
(unspecified)
. RAPSI. Russian Agency for Legal and Judicial Information (March 19, 2019). Access date: June 17, 2021. - Orphanhood in the regions of the Russian Federation (undefined)
. Need help (November 12, 2018). Date accessed: June 20, 2019. - The concept of a model for the prevention of social orphanhood and the development of family structure for children left without parental care in the city of Moscow (unspecified)
. Department of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of Moscow. Access date: May 17, 2021. - ↑ 1 2 Archakova T. O.
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(unspecified)
. Portal of Psychological Publications. Date accessed: May 18, 2019. - ↑ 12
Failure Prevention, 2011, p. 1-25. - ↑ 12
Bazarova, 2015, p. 62-67.
