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There are many questions to which science has not yet given clear answers: “Are we alone in the universe?”, “What is at the bottom of a black hole?”, “When will I finally get my jetpack?” But the question “How many hours a day should a knowledge worker work?” is not one of them, argues Alex Pang of Stanford University in his new book, Leisure.
Decades of scientific research and a number of historical facts have led scientists to the conclusion that if you work with your brain, then your ideal working day should last only 4 hours.
Don't believe me? Then perhaps you'll be convinced by a short article published in the Guardian magazine by intriguing journalist Oliver Berkeman. In it, he makes an impressively compelling case for not trying to squeeze more than four hours of creative work out of your brain a day. And he provides three main pieces of evidence for these arguments.
How many hours to work per month according to the law: find out the details
Find out how many hours a month a person must work according to the labor code. Advice and expert opinions!
Unfortunately, modern employers often take advantage of their power and the situation in the labor market and violate the rights of their employees. The Labor Code determines how many hours a person must work per month. Having worked the number of hours determined by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in a month, the employee receives wages (established salary). If an employee works more than what is required by law, then wages should increase proportionally.
Is it possible to work without days off?
If the company has irregular hours, overtime may become a frequent occurrence. But even in this case, the rights of citizens must be respected.
Thus, it is impossible to force a person to work 7 days a week without days off, and all dates when a person worked on the sixth day, if this is not provided for in the employment agreement, are recorded, and in the future you can request an additional day off.
Weekends are those days on which the employee has the right to take continuous rest without engaging in work duties. Sunday is recognized as a general holiday, but in some companies, due to the specifics of work, weekends may fall on other days of the week.
They can be established by an employment contract or by the internal regulations of the enterprise.
Every week the employee has the right to uninterrupted rest for 42 hours. Work is prohibited during this time.
If an employer needs to involve an employee in performing duties on a day off from work, it is necessary to take into account some requirements.
Such involvement is possible only at the request of the employee himself, and in the event that the 42 hours free from work are postponed to another day. The same procedure applies when working on public holidays established by the State.
Hours worked per month
Normal working hours per week are 40 hours. Article 91. Concept of working time. Normal working hours Working hours - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that are in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts Russian Federation refer to working time. Normal working hours cannot exceed 40 hours per week. The procedure for calculating the norm of working time for certain calendar periods (month, quarter, year), depending on the established duration of working time per week, is determined by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor. However, with summarized recording of working time, other periods for recording working time may be established.
Geniuses
Science may have been able to document this four-hour maximum relatively recently, but it is clear that geniuses in a variety of fields have been intuitively sensing it for centuries.
“Charles Darwin worked for two 90-minute periods in the morning, then another hour during the day; mathematician Henri Poincaré from 10:00 to 12:00 and then from 17:00 to 19:00; Similar interruptions occurred in the daily lives of Thomas Jefferson, Alice Munro, John Le Carré, and many others,” Berkeman writes.
Production calendar
1 The procedure for calculating the standard working time for certain calendar periods of time (month, quarter, year) depending on the established duration of working time per week, approved. by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated August 13, 2009 No. 588n (hereinafter referred to as the Procedure). At the same time, it is necessary to remember about the prohibition of work on non-working holidays (part one of Article 113 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), the reduction of work by 1 hour on a pre-holiday day, that is, on the day immediately preceding the non-working holiday (part one of Article 95 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation)
How long should a worker last?
From July 1, 2021, changes were made to the length of the working day for minor citizens of the Russian Federation. Today there are the following rules:
- Children from 14 to 15 years old work no more than 4 hours;
- Teenagers from 15 to 16 years old work no more than 5 hours;
- Teenagers from 16 to 18 years old can work 7 hours.
If work is combined with study (general education or specialized educational institution), then the length of the working day is halved. This applies to all of the above categories of minor citizens of the Russian Federation. During the summer, this rule does not apply.
The procedure for calculating working time standards for 2021 with a 40-hour work week
The standard working time is the number of hours that a citizen must work in a certain period of time. These standards are established by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated August 13, 2009 No. 588n
“The procedure for calculating the standard working time for certain calendar periods of time (month, quarter, year) depending on the established duration of working hours per week”
According to the provisions of this regulatory document, with a 40-hour work week, the standard working time is calculated taking into account five working days and two days off - Saturday and Sunday.
How many hours should each person work per month according to the labor code?
A job seeker must know his rights. To know them, you need to read the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. But many, of course, first of all, are too lazy to do it. Secondly, they trust the manager, thirdly, they get a job in order to work, receive a salary, they don’t care about the allotted time. As a result, they don’t know how many hours per month they can work under labor law. A person can overwork several hours every day, a huge amount of overtime is obtained per month, and the salary remains unchanged. Management is legally obligated to tell the employee his rights, but in reality this does not happen.
How and how much you need to work: 4 tips
To help you make the most of your workday, here are 4 tips that will help you become a more productive worker or businessperson.
Be “here and now”
When you work, try to break a large task into several small ones, the completion of which will allow you to fit into an hour-long period of activity. During this period , fully concentrate only on what you are doing now.
Do not be distructed
If possible, do not be distracted by any other external stimuli at all. Close your email, Skype, exit all social networks, turn off all sound alerts that are not directly related to the task being performed.
Rest effectively
If you have an emergency, this does not mean that you do not need to rest at all. Your productivity will increase if you alternate hour-long periods of active work with effective 15-minute rest.
During rest periods, take a walk, read a book, mentally and physically take a break from work and mindless surfing the Internet.
Listen to your body
Don’t think that you can work for weeks without rest because you have a lot of tasks. Sooner or later, your productivity will go to zero with this approach. You need to work correctly and always listen to your body .
It often happens that until a person “falls,” he does not take a real break from work. Think about what is more effective: resting constantly for short periods or restoring your performance over days, or even weeks?
Use the recommendations from this article in practice and then you will become a more effective and productive worker (businessman). Don't worry about how much you need to work per day, rather find the answer to the question "How can I use my working day more efficiently?"
Working time standards 5 day work week Timesheet Calendar 2017-2017
The calendar contains accurate information about the number of working days, holidays and pre-holiday days for each new year, taking into account changes in the transfer of days off to working days, which are established by the Government of the Russian Federation. The production calendar 2017 - 2021 is, in fact, a “cheat sheet” in the work of a personnel officer and payroll accountant. Therefore, the important information that is provided in this production calendar for a 5-day working week is designed to help avoid errors when calculating wages.
Duration of the working week according to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation
The Labor Code states that the employer can independently set the schedule at the enterprise, but at the same time he is obliged to make sure that the working week for each employee does not exceed 40 hours.
It should be borne in mind that this figure is final; it does not matter how many days a week a person is at work. Adjustment of time is possible in accordance with the schedule, but each overtime must be paid twice.
Almost all enterprises in the country have a five-day working week, but there are organizations in which activities must be maintained 6 or 7 days a week. In this case, salaries are increased, and people are recruited to work two or three shifts on different days of the week.
A normal work shift lasts 8 hours in a five-day week and 6 hours in a six-day week. Overtime must be paid, and for overtime on a weekend, a person must receive double the amount.
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(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006) Normal working hours cannot exceed 40 hours per week. The procedure for calculating the norm of working time for certain calendar periods (month, quarter, year), depending on the established duration of working time per week, is determined by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor. (Part three was introduced by Federal Law No. 157-FZ of July 22, 2008) The employer is obliged to keep records of the time actually worked by each employee. Article 92.
Ideal work week: how many hours do you need to get everything done?
At the end of July, one of the richest people in the world, Carlos Slim, proposed reducing the working week to 3 days - however, he believes that the working day in this case should last 11 hours, and retirement should start at 70–75 years. Slim is not the first to want people to work less than the standard 40 hours a week. We figured out what versions of the ideal work week exist and why, according to their adherents, they will make people happy and the economy prosperous.
Why is the standard workweek 40 hours?
Immediately after the Industrial Revolution, there were no laws protecting workers' rights, and factory owners wanted to maximize profits: machines were very expensive, and to cover costs, they forced subordinates to work 12–16 hours a day, 6 days a week.
In 1922, Henry Ford decided to shorten the work week to 40 hours so that workers would have free time and spend more money. In other words, Ford made this decision not because he wanted to make life easier for workers, but because he wanted to increase demand. In an interview with World's Work magazine in 1926, Ford explained why he replaced the 48-hour workweek with a 40-hour week while maintaining workers' wages: "Leisure is an integral part of the growing consumer market, because working people must have enough leisure time to use consumer goods, including cars."
True, now a 40-hour work week is more a myth than a reality. 85.8% of men and 66.5% of women in the United States work longer hours. This is largely due to the spread of digital technologies (more and more people work remotely, conduct business correspondence during non-working hours, etc.) and economic difficulties that do not allow employers to provide such privileges to employees.
How many hours per week do people work in different countries?
In some developed European countries the working week is even shorter than 40 hours. In France it lasts 35 hours, and in the Netherlands it lasts 27 hours. In the mid-2000s, the Dutch government was the first in the world to introduce a working week of less than 30 hours. However, not all countries are reducing working hours: for example, in Greece they work on average 43.7 hours a week (but this does not contribute to economic growth), in Israel - 44 hours, in Mexico - 48, and in North Korean work camps - not at all. 112 hours per week.
What alternatives are there?
4 hours
The 4-Hour Workweek is advocated by Timothy Ferriss, author of the bestselling book The 4-Hour Workweek. The famous American writer and activist himself once worked 14 hours a day, but realized that this made him unhappy, and decided to develop a system that would allow him to work significantly less. In the book, Ferriss describes many self-tested methods that allow him to work effectively and at the same time travel a lot and improve himself. One of the author’s key principles is based on the fact that it takes 20% of the planned time to complete 80% of the work. That is why Ferriss’s main secret is correct prioritization and delegation of not very important and time-consuming tasks to assistants.
21 o'clock
Proponents of a 21-hour work week believe that this approach to work could solve several problems: unemployment, overconsumption, high carbon emissions and inequality. This option is offered by the British New Economics Foundation, which advocates restructuring the economy in such a way as to make people's lives happier and preserve nature. The foundation's report says a shorter working week will change habits and break the vicious circle of modern life, where everyone lives to work and works to earn in order to consume.
30 hours
In 1930, at the height of the Great Depression, corn magnate John Harvey Kellogg conducted an experiment: he replaced the 8-hour workday with a 6-hour day at his Michigan plant. As a result, the company had to hire hundreds of new employees, production costs fell, employees began to work more efficiently and had more free time. A similar experiment is currently being conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden. This year, government workers were divided into two groups: some work 6 hours a day, others 8 hours a day, and receive the same salary for this. The organizers of the experiment hope that people who work less will get sick less often and will feel better. The experiment is supported by the Left Party, and Swedish Prime Minister Jon Fredrik Reinfeldt of the Moderate Coalition Party believes the reform could cost a billion dollars and lead to a recession.
32 hours (4 days)
There are also many supporters of a 4-day work week. Forbes columnist Richard Eisenberg believes such a schedule would be especially important for baby boomers (that is, people born between 1946 and 1964), because the extra free day would give them the opportunity to care more for aging parents or grandchildren, learn new skills and prepare towards retirement. Currently, only 36% of US companies allow employees to work less than 40 hours a week.
33 hours
Speaking at a business conference in Paraguay at the end of July, one of the world's richest people, Carlos Slim, said that, in his opinion, most work was not organized correctly. He is confident that people should retire not at 50 or 60, but at 70–75 years old, but at the same time, people with extensive experience should work less than 5 days a week. True, the working week proposed by Slim is not much shorter than 40 hours - the billionaire believes that people should work 11 hours a day. Slim believes that such a schedule will allow us to rest more, improve our standard of living and keep us healthy. The tycoon is already putting his idea into practice: at his company Telmex, employees who have been working since they were young can retire before the age of 50 or continue working 4 days a week and still keep their salary.
6 days
2 days is too long of a weekend for many people. This is the opinion, for example, of Business Insider executive editor Joe Weisenthal, who noticed that on Sunday people are more active on Twitter and read more online media. In addition, Weisenthal, like many professionals, works on Sundays himself - this is a better way to start his week. True, numerous studies show that a 6-day work week can have a bad effect on your health and general condition: it increases the risk of depression, heart attack and many diseases. In addition, by overworking, you risk abandoning healthy habits due to lack of time and energy. Scientists have also proven that overwork can negatively affect erudition: research shows that those who work 55 hours a week instead of 40 have a smaller vocabulary and are worse at arguing their point of view.
7 days
Although no country in the world has a 7-day workweek, some people work that long - usually those who do creative work (such as writing books) and those who start their own businesses. True, not many of them work 8 hours every day. For example, Buffer co-founder and CEO Joel Gascoigne tried working fewer hours each day, taking a two-hour break in the middle of the day. Joel described his experiment in an article on Lifehacker.com: according to him, it was an interesting experience, but he could not get used to working on weekends and did not have time to recover after work. But this schedule helped Joel figure out that he only needed one day to recover, and now he works 6 days a week.
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The procedure for calculating working time norms
3 as follows: the procedure for calculating the norm of working time for certain calendar periods (month, quarter, year), depending on the established duration of working time per week, is determined by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor. In connection with this addition, Order No. 588n of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia was issued. which came into effect on 10/18/2009.
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The number of working days is not usually given as a characteristic of working duration. Working week in hours - the number of working hours that an employee will work in a week of hours. The standard is a forty-hour (40-hour) workweek with five workdays of eight hours each. There are also 36-hour and 24-hour workweeks. A 36-hour working week is provided for by the Labor Code for certain categories of workers, for example, those employed in harmful or dangerous working conditions, women working in the Far North and similar areas.
Have you already decided which mode is right for you? Summarize
By devoting a lot of time to work, people accumulate a feeling of fatigue and are ready to pay any money for entertainment and convenience. Remaining dissatisfied with life, we constantly acquire new things, because we feel that we are missing something.
In fact, we all need to relax more and spend time with our families. And while reducing working hours, increase the efficiency and quality of work. Based on these considerations, the most optimal option is a 30-40-hour work week.
Standard hours for a shift work schedule according to the Labor Code
Having objective reasons, the employer can establish a shift work schedule for employees, which is permitted by Art. 103 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. As objective reasons, labor legislation names such criteria of the production process as: the length of the production cycle is greater than the maximum duration of daily work defined by law; intensification of the use of production equipment to increase the output of finished products. Example Let us take as an example the process of manufacturing products on a continuous cycle conveyor line.
Work time
The Labor Code provides a clear definition of working time and provides for various options. Working time is considered to be the time when the employee directly works, performs exactly those actions that are assigned to him by the employment contract and job responsibilities. This time does not include any breaks. In most cases, the duration of working hours is set directly by the employer and complies with the law, amounting to no more than forty hours per week. These forty working hours are distributed differently throughout the week, depending on the so-called working hours. This regime is established by an employment agreement or contract.
The main mode accepted for use is normal working hours. With it, forty hours a week are divided into five working days of eight working hours. Other options for distributing work hours are also possible. For example, during shift work, working time is distributed so that the result is no more than the permissible weekly norm.
The law allows for both increased working hours and reduced work hours, and flexible work.
Shortened work hours occur for special categories of workers. These are minors, disabled people, people working in harmful or dangerous conditions.
Work in a flexible mode or in a flexible working hours mode - in this case, the start of work, its end or the total duration of the shift can be changed by mutual agreement of the employee and the employer. At the same time, the employee must still work the established number of hours of work per week.
Working hours can not only be reduced, but also increased.
Where does the law allow you to work more or less?
Russia and many other post-Soviet countries have retained the 40-hour week in their legislation. Similar figures exist in the legislation of many other countries of the world, albeit in different variations. Interestingly, the labor legislation of some countries stipulates not only the maximum, but also the minimum
the length of the working week, and employees, trade unions and employers choose some compromise option from this “fork”.
For example, the minimum and maximum length of the working week is established in the following countries:
- Italy – the working week there lasts from 40 to 48 hours, but by agreement with the employer you can work less than 40 hours. And everything over 48 is paid as overtime in any case;
- Finland – the minimum week is 32 hours and the maximum is 40 hours;
- France – The working week is 35 hours, but workers can work up to 48 hours per week. Moreover, everything over 35 hours is paid as overtime, and more than 48 hours cannot be worked in principle;
- China – the work week can last from 40 to 48 hours.
In most cases, the minimum working week is a guideline for civil servants, while private employers simply agree with employees on a specific schedule that suits everyone.
That is, not a single law in the world prohibits working 20 hours a week with a minimum of 35
(and it’s difficult to imagine such a law - they haven’t been fighting against parasitism for a long time, except in Belarus).
Other countries either simply set the maximum length of the working week, or also prescribe the number of working hours per day. There are almost no serious differences from the Russian work format:
- Germany – the length of the working day is standardized (no more than 8 hours), but by agreement with the workforce it can be extended to 10 hours;
- Netherlands – you can work a maximum of 9 hours a day, 5 days a week (that is, 45 hours);
- Switzerland – a 45-hour working week is legally established for industrial, technical and trade workers. Others can work up to 50 hours a week;
- USA - employees of government agencies work 40 hours a week; for the private sector, working hours are not standardized;
- Thailand and India
– you can work up to 6 days a week for 8 hours (up to 48 hours a week); - Austria – the working day is up to 8 hours, and the working week is up to 50 hours.
It would seem that the Russian 40 hours a week is far from the worst option
, and even in comparison with much more successful countries. But in reality the picture may be completely different.
Other work performed beyond normal limits
There are other ways to get workers to work beyond the eight hours required by law.
One of them is working at night. If there is a production need, such work can be performed. However, the total duration of work should not exceed forty hours per week. This can be achieved by providing additional rest time equal to the duration of work. If this condition is met, no extra hours will be generated.
It should be borne in mind that night work should be reduced by one hour.
Overtime work is the common name for work in excess of normal working hours, which is performed at the will of the organization or entrepreneur, that is, the employer.
All cases in which it is possible to assign such work to an employee are clearly indicated in the law. The employer cannot change or supplement the list on his own. But, if there is a written consent of the employee to perform overtime work, it is possible to be involved in it with subsequent payment in a larger amount.
How long can an employee remain productive?
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average office worker's productivity is about three hours a day. This is due to the fact that employees have a habit of being distracted by browsing social networks, reading the news, or communicating with colleagues. Similar indicators are presented in the RescueTime study for 2021: service analysts note that the average level of productivity does not exceed 2.5 hours per day.
According to Wilver, these data confirm that no one person is able to be at their best all day long. In addition, she hopes that these statistics will help suspicious employees get rid of complaints about themselves: “Don’t think that your colleagues are able to work productively for 8 hours a day. The reason for your anxiety is that you are trying to live up to high standards that you create for yourself.”
